Nudged is a JavaScript module to efficiently estimate translation, scale, and rotation between two sets of 2D points. It enables you to capture transformations that you can use for motion dynamics, calibration, geometry snapping, and mapping between coordinate spaces. It has already been applied to user interface geometry [1], multi-touch recognition [1], and eye tracker calibration [2].
- Installation
- Introduction
- Usage
- Example apps
- API docs
- For developers
- Acknowledgments
- Versioning
- Licence
- See also
- GitHub
Install nudged with npm, yarn or other compatible package manager. The package comes in two flavors: functional and object oriented.
Install the latest, functional nudged:
$ npm install nudged
Alternatively, install the object oriented nudged 1.x:
$ npm install nudged@1
A standalone UMD bundle is available via Unpkg CDN for nudged@2.1.0 and later:
<script src="https://www.unpkg.com/nudged/dist/nudged.min.js"></script>
Nudged is also available in Python.
In general, you can apply Nudged in any situation where you want to capture a 2D transformation based on a movement of any number of control points. You have a set of points, and they move from some source coordinates to some target coordinates. You want to capture the movement pattern between the source and the target as a 2D transformation. You may want to capture the pattern in order to apply it to something else, such as a photo or some other object. See the image below for the available transformations Nudged can estimate, illustrated with two control points and a photo.
Image: Available transformation estimators. Each estimator has an abbreviated name, for example 'SR', according to the free parameters to estimate. The black-white dots and connecting arrows represent movement of two control points. Given the control points, Nudged estimates a transformation. The pairs of photos represent the effect of the resulting transformation. For easy visual comparison, the control points and the initial image positions are kept the same for each estimator.
Mathematically speaking, Nudged is a set of optimal least squares estimators for the group of nonreflective similarity transformation matrices, also called Helmert transformations. Such transformations are affine transformations with translation, rotation, and/or uniform scaling, and without reflection or shearing. The estimation has time complexity of O(n), where n is the cardinality (size) of the point sets. In other words, Nudged solves a 2D to 2D point set registration problem (alias Procrustes superimposition) in linear time. The algorithms and their efficiency are thoroughly described in a M.Sc. thesis Advanced algorithms for manipulating 2D objects on touch screens.
The development has been supported by Infant Cognition Laboratory at Tampere University where Nudged is used to correct eye tracking data. Yet, the main motivation for Nudged comes from Tapspace.js, a zoomable user interface library where smooth and fast scaling by touch is crucial.
Let domain be a set of points, [{ x, y }, ...]. Let range be the same points after an unknown transformation T as illustrated in the figure below.
const domain = [{ x: 0, y: 2 }, { x: 2, y: 2 }, { x: 1, y: 4 }]
const range = [{ x: 4, y: 4 }, { x: 4, y: 2 }, { x: 6, y: 3 }]
Figure: The domain (circles o) and the range (crosses x). The + marks the point {x:0,y:0}.
We would like to find a simple 2D transformation tran that simulates T as closely as possible by combining translation, scaling, and rotation. We compute tran by calling nudged.estimate:
const tran = nudged.estimate({
estimator: 'TSR',
domain: domain,
range: range
})
The result is a transform object:
> tran
{ a: 0, b: -1, x: 4, y: 4 }
You can apply tran to a point with point.transform:
> nudged.point.transform({ x: 0, y: 4 }, tran)
{ x: 6, y: 4 }
Figure: A point {x:0, y:4} is transformed by the estimated transform.
You can apply tran to other geometric shapes as well, for example to correct the orientation based on some sensor data. In the case of HTML image elements, just convert tran to a CSS transform string with transform.toString:
> img.style.transform = nudged.transform.toString(tran)
Figure: An HTML image before and after the transform we estimated from the points.
The nudged.transform module provides lots of tools to process transform objects. For example, to make a transformation that maps the range back to the domain instead of another way around, invert the transform with transform.inverse:
> const inv = nudged.transform.inverse(tran)
> nudged.point.transform({ x: 6, y: 4 }, inv)
{ x: 0, y: 4 }
Figure: A point is transformed by the inverse of the estimated transform.
See nudged.transform for more tools and details.
To estimate scalings and rotations around a fixed point, give an additional center parameter. Only the estimators S, R, and SR respect the center parameter.
const center = { x: 4 , y: 0 }
const rotateAround = nudged.estimate({
estimator: 'R',
domain: domain,
range: range,
center: center
})
You can think the center point as a nail that keeps an elastic sheet of rubber fixed onto a table. The nail retains its location regardless of how the rubber sheet is rotated or stretched around it.
Figure: Rotation around a center point (⊕) maps the domain (o) as close to the range (x) as possible. Here the mapped image (●) cannot match the range exactly due to the restriction set by the center point. The + denotes the point {x:0, y:0}.
To test the resulting transform, we can apply it to the center point and observe that the point stays the same.
> nudged.point.transform(center, rotateAround)
{ x: 4, y: 0 }
To estimate scalings in respect of a center point, as illustrated below, set estimators: 'S'. This scaling operation is also called a homothety.
const s = nudged.estimate({
estimator: 'S',
domain: domain,
range: range,
center: center
})
Figure: The domain (o) is scaled towards the center point (⊕) so that the resulting image (●) lies as close to the range (x) as possible.
See estimators.S, estimators.R, and estimators.SR for further details.
To examine properties of the resulting transformation matrix:
> nudged.transform.getRotation(tran)
-1.5707... = -π / 2
> nudged.transform.getScale(tran)
1.0
> nudged.transform.getTranslation(tran)
{ x: 2, y: 4 }
> nudged.transform.toMatrix(tran)
{ a: 0, c: 1, e: 2,
b: -1, d: 0, f: 4 }
To compare how well the transform fits the domain to the range, you can compute the mean squared error, MSE. The smaller the error, the better the fit:
> nudged.analysis.mse(tran, domain, range)
0
The MSE of 0 means that the estimate maps domain on the range perfectly. We can demonstrate this by transforming the domain points and comparing the result to the range:
> nudged.point.transformMany(domain, tran)
[ { x: 4, y: 4 }, { x: 4, y: 2 }, { x: 6, y: 3 } ]
> range
[ { x: 4, y: 4 }, { x: 4, y: 2 }, { x: 6, y: 3 } ]
Figure: The domain (o) mapped with tran (→). The fit is perfect, the image (●) matches the range (x) exactly.
See nudged.analysis for more.
In addition to estimation, you can create transforms by other means. For example, let t be a 0.5x scaling towards { x: 6, y: 5 }:
> const t = nudged.transform.scaling({ x: 6, y: 5 }, 0.5)
> t
{ a: 0.5, b: 0, x: 3, y: 2.5 }
Let us apply t to domain. The result is illustrated below.
> nudged.point.transformMany(domain, t)
[ { x: 3, y: 3.5 }, { x: 4, y: 3.5 }, { x: 3.5, y: 4.5 } ]
Figure: Scaling the domain (o) by the factor of 0.5 about the center point (⊕). The resulting image (●) has all distances halved. The + denotes the point {x:0, y:0}.
Then let us modify the transform t further. Let tr be a transform that combines t
with a negative rotation of 45 degrees (π/4) around { x: 0, y: 0 }:
> const tr = nudged.transform.rotateBy(t, { x: 0, y: 0 }, -Math.PI / 4)
> tr
{ a: 0.353..., b: -0.353..., x: 3.889..., y: -0.353... }
Let us apply the resulting transform to the domain points. The result is illustrated below.
> nudged.point.transformMany(domain, tr)
[
{ x: 4.596..., y: 0.353... },
{ x: 5.303..., y: -0.353... },
{ x: 5.656..., y: 0.707... }
]
Figure: A scaling is combined with rotation so that the image of the scaling (grey ●) is further rotated by 90 degrees around a center point (⊕).
Not all transformation need to be built. You can find some prebuilt transforms under nudged.transform:
> const p = { x: 4, y: 2 }
> const X2 = nudged.transform.X2
> nudged.point.transform(p, X2)
{ x: 8, y: 4 }
> const ROT180 = nudged.transform.ROT180
> nudged.point.transform(p, ROT180)
{ x: -4, y: -2 }
> const I = nudged.transform.IDENTITY
> nudged.point.transform(p, I)
{ x: 4, y: 2 }
To discover more features and details, see API.
The following demo applications give an example how nudged can be used in the web.
The touch gesture demo takes the common pinch-zoom and rotate gestures a step further. Many multitouch apps allow you to scale and rotate with two fingers. However, usually the additional fingers are ignored. But what if one wants to use, say, both hands and all the fingers on a huge touchscreen?
For reference, the typical gesture demo implements similar demo with the popular Hammer.js touch gesture library. As you can experience, only the first two pointers are regarded for scaling and rotation.
The editor demo allows you to add domain and range points on a surface and explore how the points affect the transformation.
In this map viewer demo, nudged is used to recognize multi-touch gestures to scale, rotate, and translate a large image on HTML5 canvas.
The functional 2.x API documentation.
The object-oriented 1.x API documentation
Nudged source code is located at GitHub.
Guidelines:
- Use ECMAScript 2015 syntax with CommonJS module format.
- TypeScript type declarations go to
index.d.ts. - Follow Standard style:
- 2 space indent
- max 80 chars per line
- spaces around operators
- Functional approach
- namespaces and functions instead of classes and methods
- immutable and stateless data handling; no in-place manipulation of arguments.
- Minimal run-time type checking
- Nudged is designed to be a low-level module with high performance.
- Instead of run-time checks, the geometries provide a dedicated .validate function.
- Provide type declarations for compile-time checking.
- Write rich comments that answer the question "why".
Test for syntax, execution, and types:
$ npm run test:lint
$ npm run test:unit
$ npm run test:types
Run all test at once:
$ npm test
Build example apps:
$ npm run build:examples
Start local static server to try out the examples:
$ npm start
Git workflow:
- Create a feature branch:
$ git branch feature-name - When feature finished, merge:
$ git checkout master$ git merge feature-name$ git push- Delete the feature branch.
- Bump version in package.json,
npm run gv, and run tests. - Build examples
npm run build:examples - Commit:
$ git commit -a -m "Release 7.7.7" - Create tag:
$ git tag -a 7.7.7 -m "v7.7.7 Superb Name"$ git push --tags
- Publish to npm:
$ npm publish
We want to thank:
- Tampere University of Technology and Adj. Prof. Ossi Nykänen for guidance on the M.Sc. thesis on Nudged.
- Infant Cognition Laboratory at University of Tampere and Adj. Prof. Jukka Leppänen for funding and support in research.
- 3D Media Group at Tampere University of Technology, M.Sc. Olli Suominen, and Prof. Atanas Gotchev for providing touch-screen devices for testing.
- Tanja for math photos.
- Vilkku, Xiao, and Krista for illustrative finger photos.
- All who have contributed to the codebase and issue resolution over the years.
The versioning convention of the package follows Semantic Versioning 2.0.0 and Keep a Changelog 1.1.0.
The nudged source code is open source and free to use. It is released under a MIT licence.
- Affineplane geometry library is directly compatible with Nudged object interfaces. It provides further tools to transform geometry and manipulate transformations in 2D and 3D.
- Tapspace.js is a toolkit for zoomable user interfaces. Tapspace.js heavily depends on the nudged algorithm in multi-touch recognition, web content layout, and tensor geometry.
- Apollonius is another math-heavy geometry package from the author of Nudged. Apollonius considers finding a circle that is simultaneously tangent to three other circles.
- A Nudged blog post
- Nudged GitHub repository