redux-api-middleware

Redux middleware for calling an API.

This middleware receives Redux Standard API-calling Actions (RSAAs) and dispatches Flux Standard Actions (FSAs) to the next middleware.

RSAAs are identified by the presence of an [RSAA] property, where RSAA is a String constant defined in, and exported by redux-api-middleware. They contain information describing an API call and three different types of FSAs, known as the request, success and failure FSAs.

Table of contents

• Introduction
  • Breaking Changes in 2.0 Release
  • Breaking Changes in 3.0 Release
• Installation
  • configureStore.js
  • app.js
• Usage
  • Defining the API call
    • [RSAA].endpoint
    • [RSAA].method
    • [RSAA].body
    • [RSAA].headers
    • [RSAA].options
    • [RSAA].credentials
    • [RSAA].fetch
  • Bailing out
  • Lifecycle
  • Customizing the dispatched FSAs
  • Dispatching Thunks
  • Testing
• Reference
  • Request type descriptors
  • Success type descriptors
  • Failure type descriptors
  • Exports
    • RSAA
    • apiMiddleware
    • createMiddleware(options)
    • isRSAA(action)
    • validateRSAA(action)
    • isValidRSAA(action)
    • InvalidRSAA
    • InternalError
    • RequestError
    • ApiError
    • getJSON(res)
  • Flux Standard Actions
    • type
    • payload
    • error
    • meta
  • Redux Standard API-calling Actions
    • [RSAA]
    • [RSAA].endpoint
    • [RSAA].method
    • [RSAA].body
    • [RSAA].headers
    • [RSAA].options
    • [RSAA].credentials
    • [RSAA].bailout
    • [RSAA].fetch
    • [RSAA].ok
    • [RSAA].types
    • Type descriptors
• History
• Tests
• Upgrading from v1.0.x
• Upgrading from v2.0.x
• License
• Projects using redux-api-middleware
• Acknowledgements

Introduction

The following is a minimal RSAA action:

import { RSAA } from `redux-api-middleware`; // RSAA = '@@redux-api-middleware/RSAA'
 
{
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users',
    method: 'GET',
    types: ['REQUEST', 'SUCCESS', 'FAILURE']
  }
}

Upon receiving this action, redux-api-middleware will

1. check that it is indeed a valid RSAA action;

2. dispatch the following request FSA to the next middleware;

   {
     type: 'REQUEST'
   }

3. make a GET request to http://www.example.com/api/users;

4. if the request is successful, dispatch the following success FSA to the next middleware;

   {
     type: 'SUCCESS',
     payload: {
       users: [
         { id: 1, name: 'John Doe' },
         { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe' },
       ]
     }
   }

5. if the request is unsuccessful, dispatch the following failure FSA to the next middleware.

   {
     type: 'FAILURE',
     payload: error // An ApiError object
     error: true
   }

We have tiptoed around error-handling issues here. For a thorough walkthrough of the redux-api-middleware lifecycle, see Lifecycle below.

Breaking Changes in 2.0 Release

See the 2.0 Release Notes, and Upgrading from v1.0.x for details on upgrading.

Breaking Changes in 3.0 Release

See the 3.0 Release Notes, and Upgrading from v2.0.x for details on upgrading.

Installation

redux-api-middleware is available on npm.

$ npm install redux-api-middleware --save

To use it, wrap the standard Redux store with it. Here is an example setup. For more information (for example, on how to add several middlewares), consult the Redux documentation.

Note: redux-api-middleware depends on a global Fetch being available, and may require a polyfill for your runtime environment(s).

configureStore.js

import { createStore, applyMiddleware, combineReducers } from 'redux';
import { apiMiddleware } from 'redux-api-middleware';
import reducers from './reducers';
 
const reducer = combineReducers(reducers);
const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(apiMiddleware)(createStore);
 
export default function configureStore(initialState) {
  return createStoreWithMiddleware(reducer, initialState);
}

app.js

const store = configureStore(initialState);

Usage

Defining the API call

The parameters of the API call are specified by root properties of the [RSAA] property of an RSAA.

[RSAA].endpoint

The URL endpoint for the API call.

It is usually a string, be it a plain old one or an ES2015 template string. It may also be a function taking the state of your Redux store as its argument, and returning such a string.

[RSAA].method

The HTTP method for the API call.

It must be one of the strings GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE or OPTIONS, in any mixture of lowercase and uppercase letters.

[RSAA].body

The body of the API call.

redux-api-middleware uses the Fetch API to make the API call. [RSAA].body should hence be a valid body according to the fetch specification. In most cases, this will be a JSON-encoded string or a FormData object.

It may also be a function taking the state of your Redux store as its argument, and returning a body as described above.

[RSAA].headers

The HTTP headers for the API call.

It is usually an object, with the keys specifying the header names and the values containing their content. For example, you can let the server know your call contains a JSON-encoded string body in the following way.

{
  [RSAA]: {
    ...
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
    ...
  }
}

It may also be a function taking the state of your Redux store as its argument, and returning an object of headers as above.

[RSAA].options

The fetch options for the API call. What options are available depends on what fetch implementation is in use. See MDN fetch or node-fetch for more information.

It is usually an object with the options keys/values. For example, you can specify a network timeout for node.js code in the following way.

{
  [RSAA]: {
    ...
    options: { timeout: 3000 }
    ...
  }
}

It may also be a function taking the state of your Redux store as its argument, and returning an object of options as above.

[RSAA].credentials

Whether or not to send cookies with the API call.

It must be one of the following strings:

• omit is the default, and does not send any cookies;
• same-origin only sends cookies for the current domain;
• include always send cookies, even for cross-origin calls.

[RSAA].fetch

A custom Fetch implementation, useful for intercepting the fetch request to customize the response status, modify the response payload or skip the request altogether and provide a cached response instead.

If provided, the fetch option must be a function that conforms to the Fetch API. Otherwise, the global fetch will be used.

Examples:

{
  [RSAA]: {
    ...
    fetch: async (...args) => {
      // `fetch` args may be just a Request instance or [URI, options] (see Fetch API docs above)
      const res = await fetch(...args);
      const json = await res.json();
 
      return new Response(
        JSON.stringify({
          ...json,
          // Adding to the JSON response
          foo: 'bar'
        }),
        {
          // Custom success/error status based on an `error` key in the API response
          status: json.error ? 500 : 200,
          headers: {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
          }
        }
      );
    }
    ...
  }
}

{
  [RSAA]: {
    ...
    fetch: async (...args) => {
      const res = await fetch(...args);
      const returnRes = res.clone(); // faster then above example with JSON.stringify
      const json = await res.json(); // we need json just to check status
 
      returnRes.status = json.error ? 500 : 200,
      return returnRes;
    }
    ...
  }
}

{
  [RSAA]: {
    ...
    fetch: async (...args) => {
      const cached = await getCache('someKey');
 
      if (cached) {
        // where `cached` is a JSON string: '{"foo": "bar"}'
        return new Response(cached,
          {
            status: 200,
            headers: {
              'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            }
          }
        );
      }
 
      // Fetch as usual if not cached
      return fetch(...args);
    }
    ...
  }
}

Bailing out

In some cases, the data you would like to fetch from the server may already be cached in your Redux store. Or you may decide that the current user does not have the necessary permissions to make some request.

You can tell redux-api-middleware to not make the API call through [RSAA].bailout. If the value is true, the RSAA will die here, and no FSA will be passed on to the next middleware.

A more useful possibility is to give [RSAA].bailout a function. At runtime, it will be passed the state of your Redux store as its only argument, if the return value of the function is true, the API call will not be made.

Lifecycle

The [RSAA].types property controls the output of redux-api-middleware. The simplest form it can take is an array of length 3 consisting of string constants (or symbols), as in our example above. This results in the default behavior we now describe.

1. When redux-api-middleware receives an action, it first checks whether it has an [RSAA] property. If it does not, it was clearly not intended for processing with redux-api-middleware, and so it is unceremoniously passed on to the next middleware.

2. It is now time to validate the action against the RSAA definition. If there are any validation errors, a request FSA will be dispatched (if at all possible) with the following properties:

   • type: the string constant in the first position of the [RSAA].types array;
   • payload: an InvalidRSAA object containing a list of said validation errors;
   • error: true.

redux-api-middleware will perform no further operations. In particular, no API call will be made, and the incoming RSAA will die here.

1. Now that redux-api-middleware is sure it has received a valid RSAA, it will try making the API call. If everything is alright, a request FSA will be dispatched with the following property:

• type: the string constant in the first position of the [RSAA].types array.

But errors may pop up at this stage, for several reasons:

• redux-api-middleware has to call those of [RSAA].bailout, [RSAA].endpoint, [RSAA].body, [RSAA].options and [RSAA].headers that happen to be a function, which may throw an error;
• fetch may throw an error: the RSAA definition is not strong enough to preclude that from happening (you may, for example, send in a [RSAA].body that is not valid according to the fetch specification — mind the SHOULDs in the RSAA definition);
• a network failure occurs (the network is unreachable, the server responds with an error,...).

If such an error occurs, a failure FSA will be dispatched containing the following properties:

• type: the string constant in the last position of the [RSAA].types array;
• payload: a RequestError object containing an error message;
• error: true.

1. If redux-api-middleware receives a response from the server with a status code in the 200 range, a success FSA will be dispatched with the following properties:

• type: the string constant in the second position of the [RSAA].types array;
• payload: if the Content-Type header of the response is set to something JSONy (see Success type descriptors below), the parsed JSON response of the server, or undefined otherwise.

If the status code of the response falls outside that 200 range, a failure FSA will dispatched instead, with the following properties:

• type: the string constant in the third position of the [RSAA].types array;
• payload: an ApiError object containing the message `${status} - ${statusText}`;
• error: true.

Customizing the dispatched FSAs

It is possible to customize the output of redux-api-middleware by replacing one or more of the string constants (or symbols) in [RSAA].types by a type descriptor.

A type descriptor is a plain JavaScript object that will be used as a blueprint for the dispatched FSAs. As such, type descriptors must have a type property, intended to house the string constant or symbol specifying the type of the resulting FSAs.

They may also have payload and meta properties, which may be of any type. Functions passed as payload and meta properties of type descriptors will be evaluated at runtime. The signature of these functions should be different depending on whether the type descriptor refers to request, success or failure FSAs — keep reading.

If a custom payload and meta function throws an error, redux-api-middleware will dispatch an FSA with its error property set to true, and an InternalError object as its payload.

A noteworthy feature of redux-api-middleware is that it accepts Promises (or function that return them) in payload and meta properties of type descriptors, and it will wait for them to resolve before dispatching the FSA — so no need to use anything like redux-promise.

Dispatching Thunks

You can use redux-thunk to compose effects, dispatch custom actions on success/error, and implement other types of complex behavior.

See the Redux docs on composition for more in-depth information, or expand the example below.

export function patchAsyncExampleThunkChainedActionCreator(values) {
  return async(dispatch, getState) => {
    const actionResponse = await dispatch({
      [RSAA]: {
        endpoint: "...",
        method: "PATCH",
        body: JSON.stringify(values),
        headers: {
          "Accept": "application/json",
          "Content-Type": "application/json",
        },
        types: [PATCH, PATCH_SUCCESS, PATCH_FAILED]
      }
    });
 
    if (actionResponse.error) {
      // the last dispatched action has errored, break out of the promise chain.
      throw new Error("Promise flow received action error", actionResponse);
    }
 
    // you can EITHER return the above resolved promise (actionResponse) here...
    return actionResponse;
 
    // OR resolve another asyncAction here directly and pass the previous received payload value as argument...
    return await yourOtherAsyncAction(actionResponse.payload.foo);
  };
}

Testing

To test redux-api-middleware calls inside our application, we can create a fetch mock in order to simulate the response of the call. The fetch-mock and redux-mock-storepackages can be used for this purpose as shown in the following example:

actions/user.js

export const USER_REQUEST = '@@user/USER_REQUEST'
export const USER_SUCCESS = '@@user/USER_SUCCESS'
export const USER_FAILURE = '@@user/USER_FAILURE'
 
export const getUser = () => ({
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'https://hostname/api/users/',
    method: 'GET',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    types: [
      USER_REQUEST,
      USER_SUCCESS,
      USER_FAILURE
    ]
  }
})

actions/user.test.js

// This is a Jest test, fyi
 
import configureMockStore from 'redux-mock-store'
import { apiMiddleware } from 'redux-api-middleware'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import fetchMock from 'fetch-mock'
 
import {getUser} from './user'
 
const middlewares = [ thunk, apiMiddleware ]
const mockStore = configureMockStore(middlewares)
 
describe('async user actions', () => {
  // If we have several tests in our test suit, we might want to
  // reset and restore the mocks after each test to avoid unexpected behaviors
  afterEach(() => {
    fetchMock.reset()
    fetchMock.restore()
  })
 
  it('should dispatch USER_SUCCESS when getUser is called', () => {
    // We create a mock store for our test data.
    const store = mockStore({})
 
    const body = {
      email: 'EMAIL',
      username: 'USERNAME'
    }
    // We build the mock for the fetch request.
    // beware that the url must match the action endpoint.
    fetchMock.getOnce(`https://hostname/api/users/`, {body: body, headers: {'content-type': 'application/json'}})
    // We are going to verify the response with the following actions
    const expectedActions = [
      {type: actions.USER_REQUEST},
      {type: actions.USER_SUCCESS, payload: body}
    ]
    return store.dispatch(actions.getUser()).then(() => {
      // Verify that all the actions in the store are the expected ones
      expect(store.getActions()).toEqual(expectedActions)
    })
  })
})

Reference

Request type descriptors

payload and meta functions will be passed the RSAA action itself and the state of your Redux store.

For example, if you want your request FSA to have the URL endpoint of the API call in its payload property, you can model your RSAA on the following.

// Input RSAA
{
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users',
    method: 'GET',
    types: [
      {
        type: 'REQUEST',
        payload: (action, state) => ({ endpoint: action.endpoint })
      },
      'SUCCESS',
      'FAILURE'
    ]
  }
}
 
// Output request FSA
{
  type: 'REQUEST',
  payload: { endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users' }
}

If you do not need access to the action itself or the state of your Redux store, you may as well just use a static object. For example, if you want the meta property to contain a fixed message saying where in your application you're making the request, you can do this.

// Input RSAA
{
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users',
    method: 'GET',
    types: [
      {
        type: 'REQUEST',
        meta: { source: 'userList' }
      },
      'SUCCESS',
      'FAILURE'
    ]
  }
}
 
// Output request FSA
{
  type: 'REQUEST',
  meta: { source: 'userList' }
}

By default, request FSAs will not contain payload and meta properties.

Error request FSAs might need to obviate these custom settings though.

• Request FSAs resulting from invalid RSAAs (step 2 in Lifecycle above) cannot be customized. redux-api-middleware will try to dispatch an error request FSA, but it might not be able to (it may happen that the invalid RSAA does not contain a value that can be used as the request FSA type property, in which case redux-api-middleware will let the RSAA die silently).
• Request FSAs resulting in request errors (step 3 in Lifecycle above) will honor the user-provided meta, but will ignore the user-provided payload, which is reserved for the default error object.

Success type descriptors

payload and meta functions will be passed the RSAA action itself, the state of your Redux store, and the raw server response.

For example, if you want to process the JSON response of the server using normalizr, you can do it as follows.

import { Schema, arrayOf, normalize } from 'normalizr';
const userSchema = new Schema('users');
 
// Input RSAA
{
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users',
    method: 'GET',
    types: [
      'REQUEST',
      {
        type: 'SUCCESS',
        payload: (action, state, res) => {
          const contentType = res.headers.get('Content-Type');
          if (contentType && ~contentType.indexOf('json')) {
            // Just making sure res.json() does not raise an error
            return res.json().then((json) => normalize(json, { users: arrayOf(userSchema) }));
          }
        }
      },
      'FAILURE'
    ]
  }
}
 
// Output success FSA
{
  type: 'SUCCESS',
  payload: {
    result: [1, 2],
    entities: {
      users: {
        1: {
          id: 1,
          name: 'John Doe'
        },
        2: {
          id: 2,
          name: 'Jane Doe'
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

The above pattern of parsing the JSON body of the server response is probably quite common, so redux-api-middleware exports a utility function getJSON which allows for the above payload function to be written as

(action, state, res) => {
  return getJSON(res).then((json) => normalize(json, { users: arrayOf(userSchema) }));
}

By default, success FSAs will not contain a meta property, while their payload property will be evaluated from

(action, state, res) => getJSON(res)

Failure type descriptors

payload and meta functions will be passed the RSAA action itself, the state of your Redux store, and the raw server response — exactly as for success type descriptors. The error property of dispatched failure FSAs will always be set to true.

For example, if you want the status code and status message of a unsuccessful API call in the meta property of your failure FSA, do the following.

{
  [RSAA]: {
    endpoint: 'http://www.example.com/api/users/1',
    method: 'GET',
    types: [
      'REQUEST',
      'SUCCESS',
      {
        type: 'FAILURE',
        meta: (action, state, res) => {
          if (res) {
            return {
              status: res.status,
              statusText: res.statusText
            };
          } else {
            return {
              status: 'Network request failed'
            }
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

By default, failure FSAs will not contain a meta property, while their payload property will be evaluated from

(action, state, res) =>
  getJSON(res).then(
    (json) => new ApiError(res.status, res.statusText, json)
  )

Note that failure FSAs dispatched due to fetch errors will not have a res argument into meta or payload. The res parameter will exist for completed requests that have resulted in errors, but not for failed requests.

Exports

The following objects are exported by redux-api-middleware.

RSAA

A JavaScript String whose presence as a key in an action signals that redux-api-middleware should process said action.

apiMiddleware

The Redux middleware itself.

createMiddleware(options)

A function that creates an apiMiddleware with custom options.

The following options properties are used:

• fetch - provide a fetch API compatible function here to use instead of the default window.fetch
• ok - provide a function here to use as a status check in the RSAA flow instead of (res) => res.ok

isRSAA(action)

A function that returns true if action has an [RSAA] property, and false otherwise.

validateRSAA(action)

A function that validates action against the RSAA definition, returning an array of validation errors.

isValidRSAA(action)

A function that returns true if action conforms to the RSAA definition, and false otherwise. Internally, it simply checks the length of the array of validation errors returned by validateRSAA(action).

InvalidRSAA

An error class extending the native Error object. Its constructor takes an array of validation errors as its only argument.

InvalidRSAA objects have three properties:

• name: 'InvalidRSAA';
• validationErrors: the argument of the call to its constructor; and
• message: 'Invalid RSAA'.

InternalError

An error class extending the native Error object. Its constructor takes a string, intended to contain an error message.

InternalError objects have two properties:

• name: 'InternalError';
• message: the argument of the call to its constructor.

RequestError

An error class extending the native Error object. Its constructor takes a string, intended to contain an error message.

RequestError objects have two properties:

• name: 'RequestError';
• message: the argument of the call to its constructor.

ApiError

An error class extending the native Error object. Its constructor takes three arguments:

• a status code,
• a status text, and
• a further object, intended for a possible JSON response from the server.

ApiError objects have five properties:

• name: 'ApiError';
• status: the first argument of the call to its constructor;
• statusText: the second argument of the call to its constructor;
• response: to the third argument of the call to its constructor; and
• message : `${status} - ${statusText}`.

getJSON(res)

A function taking a response object as its only argument. If the response object contains a JSONy Content-Type, it returns a promise resolving to its JSON body. Otherwise, it returns a promise resolving to undefined.

Flux Standard Actions

For convenience, we recall here the definition of a Flux Standard Action.

An action MUST

• be a plain JavaScript object,
• have a type property.

An action MAY

• have an error property,
• have a payload property,
• have a meta property.

An action MUST NOT

• include properties other than type, payload, error and meta.

type

The type of an action identifies to the consumer the nature of the action that has occurred. Two actions with the same type MUST be strictly equivalent (using ===). By convention, type is usually a string constant or a Symbol.

payload

The optional payload property MAY be any type of value. It represents the payload of the action. Any information about the action that is not the type or status of the action should be part of the payload field.

By convention, if error is true, the payload SHOULD be an error object. This is akin to rejecting a Promise with an error object.

error

The optional error property MAY be set to true if the action represents an error.

An action whose error is true is analogous to a rejected Promise. By convention, the payload SHOULD be an error object.

If error has any other value besides true, including undefined and null, the action MUST NOT be interpreted as an error.

meta

The optional meta property MAY be any type of value. It is intended for any extra information that is not part of the payload.

Redux Standard API-calling Actions

The definition of a Redux Standard API-calling Action below is the one used to validate RSAA actions. As explained in Lifecycle,

• actions without an [RSAA] property will be passed to the next middleware without any modifications;
• actions with an [RSAA] property that fail validation will result in an error request FSA.

A Redux Standard API-calling Action MUST

• be a plain JavaScript object,
• have an [RSAA] property.

A Redux Standard API-calling Action MAY

• include properties other than [RSAA] (but will be ignored by redux-api-middleware).

[RSAA]

The [RSAA] property MUST

• be a plain JavaScript Object,
• have an endpoint property,
• have a method property,
• have a types property.

The [RSAA] property MAY

• have a body property,
• have a headers property,
• have an options property,
• have a credentials property,
• have a bailout property,
• have a fetch property,
• have an ok property.

The [RSAA] property MUST NOT

• include properties other than endpoint, method, types, body, headers, options, credentials, bailout, fetch and ok.

[RSAA].endpoint

The [RSAA].endpoint property MUST be a string or a function. In the second case, the function SHOULD return a string.

[RSAA].method

The [RSAA].method property MUST be one of the strings GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE or OPTIONS, in any mixture of lowercase and uppercase letters.

[RSAA].body

The optional [RSAA].body property SHOULD be a valid body according to the fetch specification, or a function. In the second case, the function SHOULD return a valid body.

[RSAA].headers

The optional [RSAA].headers property MUST be a plain JavaScript object or a function. In the second case, the function SHOULD return a plain JavaScript object.

[RSAA].options

The optional [RSAA].options property MUST be a plain JavaScript object or a function. In the second case, the function SHOULD return a plain JavaScript object. The options object can contain any options supported by the effective fetch implementation. See MDN fetch or node-fetch.

[RSAA].credentials

The optional [RSAA].credentials property MUST be one of the strings omit, same-origin or include.

[RSAA].bailout

The optional [RSAA].bailout property MUST be a boolean or a function.

[RSAA].fetch

The optional [RSAA].fetch property MUST be a function that conforms to the Fetch API.

[RSAA].ok

The optional [RSAA].ok property MUST be a function that accepts a response object and returns a boolean indicating if the request is a success or failure

[RSAA].types

The [RSAA].types property MUST be an array of length 3. Each element of the array MUST be a string, a Symbol, or a type descriptor.

Type descriptors

A type descriptor MUST

• be a plain JavaScript object,
• have a type property, which MUST be a string or a Symbol.

A type descriptor MAY

• have a payload property, which MAY be of any type,
• have a meta property, which MAY be of any type.

A type descriptor MUST NOT

• have properties other than type, payload and meta.

History

TODO

Tests

$ npm install && npm test

Upgrading from v1.0.x

• The CALL_API symbol is replaced with the RSAA string as the top-level RSAA action key. CALL_API is aliased to the new value as of 2.0, but this will ultimately be deprecated.
• redux-api-middleware no longer brings its own fetch implementation and depends on a global fetch to be provided in the runtime
• A new options config is added to pass your fetch implementation extra options other than method, headers, body and credentials
• apiMiddleware no longer returns a promise on actions without [RSAA]

Upgrading from v2.0.x

• The CALL_API alias has been removed
• Error handling around failed fetches has been updated (#175)
  • Previously, a failed fetch would dispatch a REQUEST FSA followed by another REQUEST FSA with an error flag
  • Now, a failed fetch will dispatch a REQUEST FSA followed by a FAILURE FSA

License

MIT

Projects using redux-api-middleware

• react-trebuchet (experimental/opinionated fork of react-slingshot for SPA frontends using REST JSON API backends)

If your opensource project uses (or works with) redux-api-middleware we would be happy to list it here!

Acknowledgements

The code in this module was originally extracted from the real-world example in the redux repository, due to Dan Abramov. It has evolved thanks to issues filed by, and pull requests contributed by, other developers.