express-mcp-handler

A middleware for integrating Model Context Protocol (MCP) with Express applications, enabling seamless communication between LLMs and tools.

What is Model Context Protocol (MCP)?

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open protocol for integrating large language models (LLMs) with external data sources and tools. It enables AI assistants to access real-time data, execute operations, and interact with various services through a standardized interface.

Features

• Stateful Handler: Can handle one off requests or maintain long-lived sessions with session IDs and Server-Sent Events (SSE).
• Stateless Handler: Handles each request in complete isolation for simple, one-off interactions.
• SSE Handler: Handles Model Context Protocol (MCP) over Server-Sent Events (SSE) with dedicated GET and POST endpoints.
• Type-Safe API: Built with TypeScript for reliable integration.
• Flexible Configuration: Customizable error handling, session management, and lifecycle hooks.
• Express Integration: Plugs directly into Express routes with middleware pattern.

Installation

Install via npm:

npm install express-mcp-handler

Or yarn:

yarn add express-mcp-handler

Or pnpm:

pnpm add express-mcp-handler

Peer Dependencies

This package requires the following peer dependencies:

• express >= 4.0.0
• @modelcontextprotocol/sdk >= 1.10.2
• zod >= 3.0.0

Install them if you haven't already:

npm install express @modelcontextprotocol/sdk zod

Quick Start

Here's a basic example to get you started:

import express from 'express';
import { McpServer } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js';
import { statelessHandler } from 'express-mcp-handler';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

// Create a factory function that returns a new McpServer instance for each request
const serverFactory = () => new McpServer({
  name: 'my-mcp-server',
  version: '1.0.0',
});

// Mount the stateless handler
app.post('/mcp', statelessHandler(serverFactory));

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Express MCP server running on port 3000');
});

Usage

Express-mcp-handler provides three handler types to suit different use cases:

Stateful Mode

Use statefulHandler to establish reusable sessions between client and server, ideal for maintaining context across multiple interactions:

import express from 'express';
import { McpServer } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js';
import { statefulHandler } from 'express-mcp-handler';
import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

// Create an MCP server instance
const server = new McpServer({
  name: 'my-server',
  version: '1.0.0',
});

// Configure handler options
const handlerOptions = {
  sessionIdGenerator: randomUUID, // Function to generate unique session IDs
  onSessionInitialized: (sessionId: string) => {
    console.log(`Session initialized: ${sessionId}`);
    // You could store session metadata or initialize resources here
  },
  onSessionClosed: (sessionId: string) => {
    console.log(`Session closed: ${sessionId}`);
    // Perform cleanup logic here
  },
  onError: (error: Error, sessionId?: string) => {
    console.error(`Error in session ${sessionId}:`, error);
    // Handle errors for monitoring or logging
  }
};

// Mount the handlers for different HTTP methods
app.post('/mcp', statefulHandler(server, handlerOptions));
app.get('/mcp', statefulHandler(server, handlerOptions));
app.delete('/mcp', statefulHandler(server, handlerOptions));

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Express MCP server running on port 3000');
});

The stateful handler:

• Initializes a new session on the first request (with no mcp-session-id header)
• Returns a mcp-session-id header that clients must include in subsequent requests
• Manages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to push messages from the server to the client
• Automatically cleans up sessions when closed

Stateless Mode

Use statelessHandler for one-off request handling with no session management, perfect for serverless environments or simple requests:

import express from 'express';
import { McpServer } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js';
import { statelessHandler } from 'express-mcp-handler';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

// Function that creates a fresh McpServer for each request
const serverFactory = () => new McpServer({
  name: 'stateless-mcp-server',
  version: '1.0.0',
});

// Configure with custom error handling
const options = {
  onError: (error: Error) => {
    console.error('MCP error:', error);
    // Add custom error reporting logic here
  }
};

app.post('/mcp', statelessHandler(serverFactory, options));

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Express Stateless MCP server running on port 3000');
});

Each stateless request:

• Creates a fresh transport and server instance
• Ensures complete isolation with no session tracking
• Is suitable for simple or serverless environments

SSE Mode

Use sseHandlers to handle Model Context Protocol (MCP) over Server-Sent Events (SSE), ideal for real-time streaming responses:

import express from 'express';
import { McpServer } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js';
import { sseHandlers } from 'express-mcp-handler';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

// Provide a factory function that returns a fresh McpServer for each SSE connection
const serverFactory = () => new McpServer({
  name: 'sse-mcp-server',
  version: '1.0.0',
});

// Configure SSE handlers
const handlers = sseHandlers(serverFactory, {
  onError: (error: Error, sessionId?: string) => {
    console.error(`[SSE][${sessionId || 'unknown'}]`, error);
  },
  onClose: (sessionId: string) => {
    console.log(`[SSE] transport closed: ${sessionId}`);
    // Clean up any session resources
  },
});

// Mount the SSE endpoints
app.get('/sse', handlers.getHandler);
app.post('/messages', handlers.postHandler);

app.listen(3002, () => {
  console.log('Express MCP SSE server running on port 3002');
});

SSE handlers provide:

• GET /sse: Establishes the SSE stream and returns a mcp-session-id header
• POST /messages: Sends MCP messages over the SSE transport using the mcp-session-id query parameter

API Reference

statefulHandler

function statefulHandler(
  server: McpServer,
  options: {
    sessionIdGenerator: () => string;
    onSessionInitialized?: (sessionId: string) => void;
    onSessionClosed?: (sessionId: string) => void;
    onError?: (error: Error, sessionId?: string) => void;
    onInvalidSession?: (req: express.Request) => void;
  }
): express.RequestHandler;

Parameter	Type	Description
server	McpServer	Instance of McpServer to handle protocol logic
options.sessionIdGenerator	() => string	Function that returns a unique session ID
options.onSessionInitialized	(sessionId: string) => void	(optional) Callback invoked with the new session ID
options.onSessionClosed	(sessionId: string) => void	(optional) Callback invoked when a session is closed
options.onError	(error: Error, sessionId?: string) => void	(optional) Callback invoked on errors
options.onInvalidSession	(req: express.Request) => void	(optional) Callback invoked when an invalid session is accessed

statelessHandler

function statelessHandler(
  serverFactory: () => McpServer,
  options?: {
    sessionIdGenerator?: () => string;
    onClose?: (req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => void;
    onError?: (error: Error) => void;
  }
): express.RequestHandler;

Parameter	Type	Description
serverFactory	() => McpServer	Function that returns a new server instance for each request
options.sessionIdGenerator	() => string	(optional) Override transport session ID generation
options.onClose	(req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => void	(optional) Callback fired when the request/response cycle ends
options.onError	(error: Error) => void	(optional) Callback fired on errors during handling

sseHandlers

function sseHandlers(
  serverFactory: ServerFactory,
  options: SSEHandlerOptions
): {
  getHandler: express.RequestHandler;
  postHandler: express.RequestHandler;
};

Parameter	Type	Description
serverFactory	ServerFactory	Factory function that returns a fresh McpServer for each SSE connection
options.onError	(error: Error, sessionId?: string) => void	(optional) Callback invoked on errors, receives error and optional sessionId
options.onClose	(sessionId: string) => void	(optional) Callback invoked when an SSE session is closed, receives sessionId

Error Handling

All handler types support custom error handling through their options:

// Example of custom error handling for stateful handler
const handlerOptions = {
  // ... other options
  onError: (error: Error, sessionId?: string) => {
    console.error(`Error in session ${sessionId}:`, error);
    // Send error to monitoring service
    Sentry.captureException(error, {
      extra: { sessionId }
    });
  }
};

TypeScript Support

This package is written in TypeScript and provides type definitions for all exports. When using TypeScript, you'll get full IntelliSense and type checking.

import { statefulHandler, StatefulHandlerOptions } from 'express-mcp-handler';
import { McpServer } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js';

// Type-safe options
const options: StatefulHandlerOptions = {
  sessionIdGenerator: () => Date.now().toString(),
  onError: (error, sessionId) => {
    // TypeScript knows the types of these parameters
    console.error(`Error in session ${sessionId}:`, error);
  }
};

const server = new McpServer({
  name: 'typed-server',
  version: '1.0.0',
});

// Type-safe handler
app.post('/mcp', statefulHandler(server, options));

Development

To contribute to this project:

git clone https://github.com/jhgaylor/express-mcp-handler.git
cd express-mcp-handler
npm install
npm run build
npm test

Test Coverage

The project has solid test coverage and promises to maintain it.

All changes are verified through our CI/CD pipeline using Jest for testing and Codecov for coverage reporting.

Continuous Integration

This project uses GitHub Actions for continuous integration. Every push to the main branch and pull request will:

1. Run the lint check
2. Build the project
3. Run tests with coverage
4. Upload coverage reports to Codecov

You can view the current CI status in the badge at the top of this README or on the Actions tab of the GitHub repository.

License

MIT License

Publishing to npm

Log in to npm if you haven't already:

npm login

Publish the package to npm (will run your prepublishOnly build):

npm publish

To bump, tag, and push a new version:

npm version patch    # or minor, major
git push origin main --tags

Handler Types at a Glance

Handler	Scenario	Sessions	Streaming
statelessHandler	One-off or serverless workloads	No	No
statefulHandler	Multi-turn interactions	Yes	Yes
sseHandlers	Real-time SSE streaming	Yes	Yes

Troubleshooting

Missing mcp-session-id header
Ensure the client includes the mcp-session-id header returned on the initial request.

Transport connection closed prematurely
Verify network connectivity and ensure the client properly handles SSE events.

Changelog

All notable changes to this project are documented in the CHANGELOG.md.