rich-domain

Build great app using domain driven design

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About the lib

This package provide utils file and interfaces to assistant build a complex application as domain driving design and nodeJS with typescript.

Simple App Example

A simple app example available on link

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Documentation

Folders

Folders structure suggestion Divided by

• Domain layer
• Application layer
• Infra layer

  $ tree
  .
  ├── package.json
  ├── README.md
  └── src
       ├── configs
       │    └── env
       │
       ├── shared
       │    ├── constants
       │    └── utils
       │
       └── modules
            │ 
            └── [module-name]
                  │ 
                  │── domain
                  │     ├── value-objects
                  │     ├── entities
                  │     ├── aggregates
                  │     ├── events
                  │     ├── adapters
                  │     ├── interfaces
                  │     └── domain-services
                  │ 
                  ├── application
                  │     ├── services
                  │     └── use-cases
                  │ 
                  └── infra
                        ├── models
                        ├── adapters
                        ├── services
                        ├── factories
                        └── repository

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Core

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1. Ubiquitous language:

• Language and terms agreed upon by both business users and developers, within a bounded context
• Entities with the same name in a different context can have different behavior and data
• Bounded context helps in single responsibility for domain models

2. Rich domain model:

• Models (entities, value objects, aggregates) with rich behavior are preferred over anemic domain models (entities without behavior, which only keep data and represent the DB tables)
• Due to single responsibility principle (a class or method should have only one reason to change), non-cohesive behavior should be delegated to other classes (or even handled inside domain services) when necessary
• Model methods can also delegate the task to domain services by raising domain events

3. Thin domain service working on rich domain models:

• Domain services should not hold state (application services are not domain services, they are on the outer layer close to the UI layer, and can hold application/task state)
• Domain services have very little behavior and only which does not fit cohesively in any domain model
• Domain services sit in the core domain layer along with entities, value objects, aggregates and domain events, and expose domain models in their interfaces

4. Layers in a DDD application:

• Core domain layer (domain services, entities, value objects, aggregates and domain events)
• Core domain layer is surrounded by the UI/Application layer and Infrastructure layer
• UI/Application layer (UI and application service facade with messaging, JSON, XML capabilities, session, etc.)
• Infrastructure layer (persistence, file system, network, mail, logging, etc.)

5. Entities:

• Live longer than the application, should endure restarts, and are persisted and read from data sources (DB, file system, network, etc.)
• Have an id (preferably a GUID rather than a DB generated int because business transactions do not rely on persistence, can be persisted after other operations carried out in model's behavior)
• Have entity semantics (equality and GetHashCode() defined by class name + id)
• Behavior in an entity mostly orchestrates value objects for a use case
• Entity class should not have public property setters, setting a property should be a behavior method
• Entities should not have bidirectional relations (depending on the bounded context, either an egg can have a chicken or a chicken can have eggs, but not both)
• Entity relations should not reflect the complete set of DB foreign key relationships, should be bare down to the minimum for performing the behavior inside the bounded context
• Entity relations should not hold a reference to another entity class, it can only keep the id of another entity
• If a business transaction needs a reference to other entities in relation, aggregates should be used instead (aggregates can hold a reference to other aggregate roots, which are entity classes by definition)

6. Value objects:

• Are only identified by their values, not by their ids (for example money is a value object as long as we are not tracking individual banknotes, if we need to track individual banknotes then it should be a banknote entity)
• Can be used to measure or describe things (name, description, amount, height, date, time, range, address, etc.)
• You can combine other value types that usually go together into a new value object type, like address (city, street, country, postal code) or ...range, or ...type
• Prefer to put the behavior on value objects rather than on entities because value objects are immutable and do not have side effects (like changing their state or changing the state of any entity)
• Can be part of an entity
• Have value semantics (equality and GetHashCode() defined by property values)
• Should be immutable, behaviors should not change the state of a value object, but can rather create a new value object (should act similar to C# strings, structs, ints, and other value types)
• Can be persisted but only as part of an entity, not individually

7. Factories:

• Create, build aggregates and entities:
• Static Create...() factory method on a model class is used to guard against the construction of an invalid or incomplete model
• The model class should not have a public default constructor (however if it is to be persisted, for Entity Framework to work, it can have a protected or private default constructor)

8. Aggregates:

• Encapsulate and are composed of entity classes and value objects that change together in a business transaction
• Aggregates are a transactional graph of model objects
• Aggregate root should be an entity, an aggregate can even be a single entity
• Aggregate can keep a reference to other aggregate roots, but not to other entity classes which are not aggregate roots themselves
• Aggregate should not keep a reference to other aggregate root entity classes if those other entities do not change together with this aggregate root entity
• Aggregate can also keep the id of another entity, but keeping too many foreign key ids is a code smell (why?)
• If deleting an entity has a cascade effect on the other entities referenced by class in the object graph, these entities are part of the same aggregate, if not, they should not be inside this aggregate

9. Repositories:

• Persist and read aggregates to/from DB or file system
• Should have an interface close to a collection but should allow only the necessary operations needed for this aggregate (for example an aggregate might not need to be allowed to get updated or deleted)
• Should not be generic (should be specific for the aggregate type)
• Can have specific query methods if needed (like FindByName() etc.)
• Do not use lazy loading, instead use eager loading (use Include(...) in Entity Framework), else you can face "N+1 problem"s and excessive number of queries sent to DB
• Can have specific methods that only load some of the columns from a table
• Repository add/update/remove operation should commit to DB by itself (call Entity Framework ...Context.SaveChanges() at the end), because aggregate operations should be ACID transactions
• Repository interface sits inside Core domain layer, but implementations are inside Infrastructure layer
• Repositories are not used inside the domain models (entities, value objects, aggregates)

10. Shared kernel:

• Is where cross-cutting concerns or common types shared by all bounded contexts sit (like entity abstract base type, value object abstract base type, common value objects, authorization, etc.)

11. Domain events:

• Can be raised when a state change occurs in an entity
• Decouple models from each other
• Only used when an event needs to be handled inside a different model than the one raising this event, or handled inside a domain service or even an application service
• Are immutable classes, that represent past, named in the past tense, and cannot change (...Changed, ...Happened, etc.)
• Should include the time that this event was raised, as well as any other useful info for handling the event, as well as the id of the entity which raised the event
• Should not have behavior
• Domain events are subscribed to with a callback (lambda), or using pub sub interfaces, on a singleton or static event message bus
• Domain events implemented this way can be subscribed to and handled in the aggregate root of the entity which raised the event, or in domain services, or even in UI/Application layer
• Domain events are raised synchronously, if an asynchronous task needs to be carried out, it can be done inside the event handler (async-await pattern)
• Outside applications can also be triggered by using a message queue or an enterprise service bus (ESB) inside the domain event handler

12. Anti-corruption layer:

• Used to translate models from outside systems or legacy apps to models inside the bounded context and vice versa, and also to ease the communication with legacy services
• Can use service facades and model adapters

---

13 - Summary - Basic Usage

Value Object

A value object is a small, simple object that represents a single value or characteristic, such as a monetary amount or a date. It is characterized by having no identity of its own, meaning it is equal to another value object if its values are equal, regardless of its reference. Value objects are often used in domain-driven design to represent simple entities in the system.

Create a value object with business rules.

import { ValueObject, Ok, Fail, Result } from 'rich-domain';

interface Props {
    amount: number;
}

// simple example as monetary value object business behavior. 
// Extends ValueObject to inherit some behaviors, utils and helpers.
export default class Money extends ValueObject<Props> {
    
    // private constructor. Avoid public new.
    private constructor(props: Props) {
        super(props);
    }

    // any business rule behavior. Check if current amount is greater than x.
    public isGt(x: Money): boolean {
        const { number: Check } = this.validator;
        const xValue = x.get('amount');
        const currentValue = this.get('amount');
        return Check(xValue).isGreaterThan(currentValue);
    }

    // any business rule behavior. Calculate and sum x to current value.
    public sum(x: Money): Money {
        const { number: Calc } = this.util;
        const value = x.get('amount');
        const current = this.get('amount');
        const amount = Calc(current).sum(value);
        return new Money({ amount }); // immutable
    }

    // any business rule behavior. Calculate and subtract x from current value.
    public subtract(x: Money): Money {
        const { number: Calc } = this.util;
        const value = x.get('amount');
        const current = this.get('amount');
        const amount = Calc(current).subtract(value);
        return new Money({ amount }); // immutable
    }

    // any business rule to validate state. Value must be greater or equal 0
    public static isValidProps({ amount }: Props): boolean {
        const { number: Check } = this.validator;
        return Check(amount).isPositive();
    }

    // shortcut to create a zero value.
    public static zero(): Money {
        return new Money({ amount: 0 }); // immutable
    }

    // factory method to create an instance and validate value.
    public static create(amount: number): Result<Money> {

        const isValid = this.isValidProps({ amount });
        if(!isValid) return Fail("Invalid amount for money");

        return Ok(new Money({ amount }));
    }
}

How to use value object instance

// operation result
const resA = Money.create(500);

// check if provided a valid value
console.log(resA.isOk());

// > true


// money instance
const moneyA = resA.value();

moneyA.get("amount"); 

// 500

// using methods 
moneyA.isGt(Money.zero());

// > true

const moneyB = Money.create(100).value();

const moneyC = moneyA.sum(moneyB);

const value = moneyC.get('amount');

console.log(value); 

// > 600

---

Entity

An entity in domain-driven design is an object that represents a concept in the real world and has a unique identity and attributes. It is a fundamental building block used to model complex business domains.

Create an entity with business rules.

import { Entity, Ok, Fail, Result, UID } from 'rich-domain';

interface Props {
    id?: UID;
    total: Money;
    discount: Money;
    fees: Money;
}

// simple example as payment entity using money value object
// Extends Entity to inherit some behaviors, utils and helpers.
export default class Payment extends Entity<Props> {

    // private constructor
    private constructor(props: Props){
        super(props);
    }

    // any business rule behavior. Update total. Update object state.
    public applyFees(fees: Money): Payment {
        this.props.total = this.props.total.sum(fees);
        this.props.fees = fees;
        return this;
    }

    // any business rule behavior. Update object state.
    public applyDiscount(discount: Money): Payment {
        this.props.total = this.props.total.subtract(discount);
        this.props.discount = discount;
        return this;
    }

    // factory method to create a instance. Value must be positive.
    public static create(props: Props): Result<Payment> {
        return Ok(new Payment(props));
    }
}

How to use entity instance

// operation result
const total = Money.create(500).value();
const discount = Money.zero();
const fees = Money.zero();

// create a payment
const payment = Payment.create({ total, discount, fees }).value();

// create fee and discount
const fee = Money.create(17.50).value();
const disc = Money.create(170.50).value();

// apply fee and discount
const result = payment.applyFees(fee).applyDiscount(disc);

// get object from domain entity
console.log(result.toObject());

{
    "id": "d7fc98f5-9711-4ad8-aa16-70cb8a52244a",
    "total": { 
        "amount": 347 
    },
    "discount": { 
        "amount": 170.50 
    },
    "fees": { 
        "amount": 17.50 
    },
    "createdAt":"2023-01-30T23:11:17.815Z",
    "updatedAt":"2023-01-30T23:11:17.815Z"
}

---

See also how to use Aggregate.

Aggregate

Encapsulate and are composed of entity classes and value objects that change together in a business transaction

Create an aggregate to compose your context.

In my example, let's use the context of payment. All payment transactions are encapsulated by an order (payment order) that represents a user's purchasing context.

import { Aggregate, Ok, Fail, Result, UID, EventHandler } from 'rich-domain';

// Entities and VO that encapsulate context.
interface Props {
    id?: UID;
    payment: Payment;
    items: List<Item>;
    status: OrderStatus;
    customer: Customer;
}

// Simple example of an order aggregate encapsulating entities and 
// value objects for context.
export default class Order extends Aggregate<Props> {

    // Private constructor to ensure instances creation through static methods.
    private constructor(props: Props){
        super(props);
    }

    // Static method to begin a new order. 
    // Takes a customer as parameter and returns an instance of Order.
    public static begin(customer: Customer): Order {
        // Initialize the status of the order as "begin".
        const status = OrderStatus.begin();
        // Initialize the list of items as empty.
        const items: List<Item> = List.empty();
        // Initialize the payment as zero, since the order hasn't been paid yet.
        const payment = Payment.none();
        // Create a new instance of Order with the provided parameters.
        const order = new Order({ status, payment, items, customer });

        // Add an event to indicate that the order has begun.
        order.addEvent('ORDER_HAS_BEGUN', (order) => {
        // Perform some important operation when the order begins.
            console.log('Do something important...');
        });

        // Alternatively, add an event by creating an
        // instance of a class that extends EventHandler.
        order.addEvent(new OrderBeganEventHandler());

        // Return the created order instance.
        return order;
    }

    // Method to add an item to the order. 
    // Takes an item as parameter and returns the Order instance.
    addItem(item: Item): Order {
        // Add the item to the order's items list.
        this.props.items.add(item);
        // Sum item price to payment amount
        this.props.payment.sum(item.price);
        // Return the Order instance itself to allow chained calls.
        return this;
    }

    // Method to perform the payment of the order. 
    // Takes a payment object as parameter.
    pay(payment: Payment): Order {
        // Set the status of the order to "paid".
        this.props.status = OrderStatus.paid();
        // Set the provided payment object.
        this.props.payment = payment;
        // Add an event to indicate that the order has been paid.
        // Assuming OrderPaidEvent is a class representing 
        // the event of order payment.
        this.addEvent(new OrderPaidEventHandler());
        return this; 
    }

    // Static method to create an instance of Order.
    // Returns a Result, which can be Ok (success) or Fail (failure).
    // The value of the Result is an instance of Order, 
    // if creation is successful.
    public static create(props: Props): Result<Order> {
        return Ok(new Order(props));
    }
}

How to use events

Event Handler

import { Context, EventHandler } from 'rich-domain';


class OrderCreatedEvent extends EventHandler<Order> {

    constructor() {
        super({ eventName: 'ORDER_CREATED' });
    }

    dispatch(order: Order): void {
        // dispatch event to another context
        order.context().dispatchEvent('CONTEXT:EVENT', order.toObject());
    };
}

Aggregates domain events

order.addEvent('OTHER_EVENT', (...args) => {
    console.log(args);
});

// Or add an EventHandler instance
order.addEvent(new OrderCreatedEvent());

order.dispatchEvent('ORDER_HAS_BEGUN');

// dispatch with args
order.dispatchEvent('OTHER_EVENT', { info: 'custom_args' });

// OR call all added events
await order.dispatchAll();

How to subscribe to a global event

import { Context } from 'rich-domain';

const context = Context.events();

context.subscribe('CONTEXT:EVENT', (event) => {
   const [model] = event.detail;
   console.log(model);
});

// dispatch an event to a context with args
context.dispatchEvent('CONTEXT:EVENT', { name: 'Jane' });


// Dispatching events to specific contexts
// Dispatches the SIGNUP event to Context-X
context.dispatchEvent('Context-X:SIGNUP'); 

// Dispatches the SIGNUP event to all contexts
context.dispatchEvent('*:SIGNUP'); 

// Dispatches all events to all contexts. Not recommended
context.dispatchEvent('*:*'); 

// Dispatches all events under Context-Y
context.dispatchEvent('Context-Y:*'); 

---

Features

Result

What is Result:

Result is a class that encapsulates the result of an operation and stores the success or failure state without throws the application.

Interface and Generic Types

• P = Payload optional default void
• E = Error optional default string
• M = MetaData optional default {}

IResult<P, E, M>;

You can import like example below

import { Result, Ok, Fail } from "rich-domain";

// Success use case

return Result.Ok();

// OR

return Ok();

// OR

return Ok(data);

// OR

return Ok<Payload>(data);

// Failure use case

return Result.fail('error message here');

// OR

return Fail('error message here');

// OR

return Fail<MyError>(myCustomError);

Example how to use generic types. First let's create our interfaces to use as generic type.

• The type of data to be retrieved can be any type you want.

// Payload type
interface Data { data: string };

// Error type
interface Err { message: string };

// MetaData type. Optional
interface Meta { arg: number };

Now let's implement a function that return the result below

Result<Data, Err, Meta>;

So let's implement that on a simple function.

const isEven = (value: number): Result<Data, Err, Meta> => {

	const isEvenValue = value % 2 === 0;
	const metaData: Meta = { arg: value };
	
	if (isEvenValue) {
		
		// success payload 
		const payload: Data = { data: `${value} is even` };

		// return success
		return Ok(payload, metaData);
	}

	// failure payload 
	const error: Err = { message: `${value} is not even` };

	// return failure
	return Fail(error, metaData);
};

Here we have a function that returns success if the value informed is even and returns failure if it is odd.

Success Case

const result = isEven(42);

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

console.log(result.value());

> 'Object { data: "42 is even" }'

console.log(result.metaData());

> 'Object { arg: 42 }'

console.log(result.error());

> null

Failure Case

const result = isEven(43);

console.log(result.isFail());

> true

console.log(result.error());

> 'Object { message: "43 is not even" }'

console.log(result.metaData());

> 'Object { arg: 43 }'

console.log(result.value());

> null

Void

The most simple void success example.
Let's see the same example using void.

const checkEven = (value: number): Result<void> => {

	const isEven = value % 2 === 0;

	// success case
	if(isEven) return Ok(); 
	
	// failure case
	return Fail('not even');
}

Using the function as success example

const result: Result<void> = checkEven(42);

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

console.log(result.isFail());

> false

console.log(result.error());

> null

console.log(result.value());

> null

console.log(result.metaData());

> 'Object {}'

Fail example

const result: Result<void> = checkEven(43);

console.log(result.isFail());

> true

console.log(result.isOk());

> false

console.log(result.error());

> "not even"

console.log(result.value());

> null

console.log(result.metaData());

> 'Object {}'

toObject method

you can get a summarized object with the properties of an instance of a Result

console.log(result.toObject());

> Object
`{
	"data": null, 
	"error": "not even", 
	"isFail": true, 
	"isOk": false, 
	"metaData": Object {}
 }`

Hooks

In the instances of a Result there are two hooks that allow the execution of a command according to the state.

class Command implements ICommand<void, void> {
	execute(): void {
		console.log("running command ...");
	}
}

const myCommand = new Command();

const result = Ok();

result.execute(myCommand).on('Ok');

> "running command ..."

You might also want to pass arguments to the command

class Command implements ICommand<string, void> {
	execute(error: string): void {
		console.log(error);
	}
}

const myCommand = new Command();

const result = Fail('something went wrong');

result.execute(myCommand).withData(result.error()).on('fail');

> "something went wrong"

Combine

You can use the static combine function of Result to check many instances if any are failed it will return the instance with error state.

Success example

import { Ok, Combine } from "rich-domain";

const resultA = Ok();
const resultB = Ok();
const resultC = Ok();

const result = Combine([ resultA, resultB, resultC ]);

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

// OR 

import { Result } from "rich-domain";

const resultA = Result.Ok();
const resultB = Result.Ok();
const resultC = Result.Ok();

const result = Result.combine([ resultA, resultB, resultC ]);

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

Failure example

const resultA = Ok();
const resultB = Fail('oops err');
const resultC = Ok();

const result = Combine([ resultA, resultB, resultC ]);

console.log(result.isOk());

> false

console.log(result.error());

> 'oops err'

---

ID

What is ID: A symbol which uniquely identifies an object or record.
In this Lib all IDs are generated by domain and uses uuid v4.

Create New

Create a new uuid.

import { ID, Id } from "rich-domain";

const id = ID.create();

console.log(id.value());

> "eb9c563c-719d-4872-b303-0a82921351f7"

// OR as function

const id = Id();

Short New

Create a short id

const id = ID.short();

console.log(id.value());

> "EB9C563DB4872BF7"

Create Existing

Create a id with provided value

const id = ID.create('this-is-my-id-01');

console.log(id.value());

> "this-is-my-id-01"

// OR 

const id = Id('this-is-my-id-01');

Compare ids

The id instance has a method to compare two ids.

const idA = ID.short('id-01');
const idB = ID.short('id-02');

console.log(idA.equal(idB));

> false

console.log(idB.equal(idB));

> true

IsNew

Check if id instance is has a new value

const idA = ID.create('this-is-my-id-01');
const idB = ID.create();

console.log(idA.isNew());

> false

console.log(idB.isNew());

> true

// OR

const idA = Id('my-custom-id-01');

console.log(idA.isNew());

> false

const idB = Id();

console.log(idB.isNew());

> true

Type for ID

Define type for ID

import { UID, ID, Id } from 'rich-domain';

// UID type
let id: UID;

// ID value
id = ID.create();

// OR

id = Id();

---

ValueObject

What is value object:

• Are only identified by their values, not by their ids (for example money is a value object as long as we are not tracking individual banknotes, if we need to track individual banknotes then it should be a banknote entity)
• Can be used to measure or describe things (name, description, amount, height, date, time, range, address, etc.)
• You can combine other value types that usually go together into a new value object type, like address (city, street, country, postal code) or ...range, or ...type
• Prefer to put the behavior on value objects rather than on entities because value objects are immutable and do not have side effects (like changing their state or changing the state of any entity)
• Can be part of an entity
• Should be immutable, behaviors should not change the state of a value object, but can rather create a new value object (should act similar to C# strings, structs, ints, and other value types)
• Can be persisted but only as part of an entity, not individually.

Simple Value Object.

Value objects extend to ValueObject class have private constructor and public static method called create.
The create method receives the props which by default is an object with the key value.

the value object below is a base example without any kind of validation

import { Result, ValueObject } from "rich-domain";

export interface NameProps {
	value: string;
}

export class Name extends ValueObject<NameProps>{
	private constructor(props: NameProps) {
		super(props);
	}

	public static create(value: string): Result<Name> {
		return Result.Ok(new Name({ value }));
	}
}

export default Name;

Now that we have defined our value object class, we can create an instance.
The create method returns an instance of Name encapsulated by the Result, so it is important to always assess whether the result is a success before getting the value.

const result = Name.create('Jane');

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

const name = result.value();

console.log(name.get('value'));

> "Jane"

Once we have an instance of a value object, we can use some methods that the library makes available.

Value Objects has only get method because instance is immutable

console.log(name.get('value'));

> "John"

We don't advise you to use state change of a value object. Create a new one instead of changing its state. However the library will leave that up to you to decide.

To disable the setters of a value object use the parameters below in the super.
This property disables the set function of the value object.

constructor(props: NameProps){
	super(props, { disableGetters: true })
}

Now when trying to get the value using get throws an error.

console.log(name.get('value'));

> Error

Using validation

Validation before create instance.
A validator instance is available in the "Value Object" domain class.

import { Result, Ok, Fail, ValueObject } from "rich-domain";

export interface NameProps {
	value: string;
}

export class Name extends ValueObject<NameProps>{
	private constructor(props: NameProps) {
		super(props);
	}

	public static isValidProps({ value }: NameProps): boolean {
		const { string } = this.validator;
		return string(value).hasLengthBetween(3, 30);
	}

	public static create(value: string): Result<Name> {
		const message = 'name must have length min 3 and max 30 char';

		if (!this.isValidProps({ value })) return Fail(message);

		return Ok(new Name({ value }));
	}
}

export default Name;

Now when you try to instantiate a name, the value will be checked and if it doesn't meet the validation requirements, a Result will be returned with an error state.

const empty = '';

const result = Name.create(empty);

console.log(result.isFail());

> true

console.log(result.error());

> "name must have length min 3 and max 30 char"

console.log(result.value());

> null

Validation before set

The isValidProps Method validates properties when creating a new instance, but which method validates before modifying a value? For this there is the method validation

The validation method takes two arguments, the first the key of props and the second the value. So when calling the set or change function, this method will be called automatically to validate the value, if it doesn't pass the validation, the value is not changed.

There must be a validation for each "props" key

validation<Key extends keyof Props>(value: Props[Key], key: Key): boolean {
	
	const { number } = this.validator;

	const options: IPropsValidation<Props> = {
		value: (value: number) => number.isBetween(0, 130),
	} 

	return options[key](value);
};

In case your value object has only one attribute you can simply use the already created static validation method.
Let's see a complete example as below

import { Result, Ok, Fail, ValueObject } from "rich-domain";

export interface NameProps {
	value: string;
}

export class Name extends ValueObject<NameProps>{
	private constructor(props: NameProps) {
		super(props);
	}

	validation(value: string): boolean {
		return Name.isValidProps({ value });
	}

	public static isValidProps({ value }: NameProps): boolean {
		const { string } = this.validator;
		return string(value).hasLengthBetween(3, 30);
	}

	public static create(value: string): Result<Name> {
		const message = 'name must have length min 3 and max 30 char';
		const isValidProps = this.isValidProps({ value });
		if (!isValidProps) return Fail(message);

		return Ok(new Name({ value }));
	}
}

export default Name;

Let's test the instance and the validation method.
Value is not modified if it does not pass validation.

const result = Name.create('Jane');

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

const name = result.value();

console.log(name.get('value'));

> "Jane"

const empty = '';

name.set('value').to(empty);

console.log(name.get('value'));

> "Jane"

name.set('value').to("Jack");

console.log(name.get('value'));

> "Jack"

toObject

This method transforms a complex object into a simple object or value.
This method is useful for cases where you have value objects inside other value objects

const street = Street.create('Dom Juan').value();

const complement = Complement.create('n42').value();

const result = Address.create({ street, complement });

const address = result.value();

console.log(address.toObject());

> Object 
`{
	"street": "Dom Juan", 
	"complement": n42,
 }`

Clone

This method creates a new instance with the same properties as the current value object.

const result = Name.create('Sammy');

const originalName = result.value();

console.log(originalName.value());

> "Sammy"

const clone = originalName.clone();

console.log(clone);

> "Sammy"

Clone being a new instance does not change the properties of the original value object

clonedName.change('value', 'Jones');

console.log(clonedName.value());

> "Jones"

console.log(originalName.value());

> "Sammy"

createMany

Sometimes you will need to create many instances of different value objects and for that there is static method available createMany on value objects, entity and aggregate.

const itemPrice = Class<PriceProps>(ProductPrice, { value: price });
const itemName = Class<NameProps>(ProductName, { value: name });
const itemQtd = Class<QtdProps>(ProductQtd, { value: qtd });

const { data, result } = ValueObject.createMany([ itemPrice, itemName, itemQtd ]);

// you check if all value objects are ok
if (result.isFail()) return Result.fail(result.error());

// you can get instances from iterator data. In the same order as the array
const price = data.next().value() as ProductPrice;  // index 0
const name = data.next().value() as ProductName;    // index 1
const quantity = data.next().value() as ProductQtd; // index 2

const product = Product.create({ name, price, quantity });

---

Entity

What is value object:

• Live longer than the application, should endure restarts, and are persisted and read from data sources (DB, file system, network, etc.)
• Have an id (preferably a GUID rather than a DB generated int because business transactions do not rely on persistence, can be persisted after other operations carried out in model's behavior)
• Have entity semantics (equality and GetHashCode() defined by class name + id)
• Behavior in an entity mostly orchestrates value objects for a use case
• Entity class should not have public property setters, setting a property should be a behavior method
• Entities should not have bidirectional relations (depending on the bounded context, either an egg can have a chicken or a chicken can have eggs, but not both)
• Entity relations should not reflect the complete set of DB foreign key relationships, should be bare down to the minimum for performing the behavior inside the bounded context
• Entity relations should not hold a reference to another entity class, it can only keep the id of another entity
• If a business transaction needs a reference to other entities in relation, aggregates should be used instead (aggregates can hold a reference to other aggregate roots, which are entity classes by definition)

Simple Entity

Entities extend to Entity class, have private constructor and public static method called create. The create method receives the props which by default is an object with the key id.

the entity below is a base example without any kind of validation

interface UserProps { id?: UID, name: Name, age: Age };

export class User extends Entity<UserProps>{
	private constructor(props: UserProps){
		super(props)
	}

	public static create(props: UserProps): Result<User> {
		return Result.Ok(new User(props));
	}
}

export default User;

id is a reserved word and must have the type UID or string.

All attributes for an entity must be value object except id.

const nameAttr = Name.create('James');
const ageAttr = Age.create(21);

// always check if value objects are success
const results = Combine([ nameAttr, ageAttr ]);

console.log(results.isOk());

> true

const name = nameAttr.value();

const age = ageAttr.value();

// if you don't provide a value for the id it will be generated automatically
const result = User.create({ name, age });

console.log(result.isOk());

> true

toObject

when you extend entity class you get some methods from domain class, one of them is toObject method.
In the entity, this method aims to transform a domain class into a simple object, that is, all value objects are transformed into simple attributes.

const user = result.value();

console.log(user.toObject());

> Object
`{
	age: 21,
	name: "James",
	createdAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z",
	updatedAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z"
	id: "0709220f-7c2f-41e2-b535-151926286893",
 }`

with id value

you can create an instance by entering an id

const name = nameAttr.value();

const id = Id('my-id-value-01');

const result = User.create({ id, age, name });

console.log(result.isOk());

> true 

const user = result.value();

console.log(user.toObject());

> Object
`{
	age: 21,
	name: "James",
	id: "my-id-value-01",
	createdAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z",
	updatedAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z"
 }`

isNew

Check if instance is a new entity.
if you do not provide an id the entity will be considered as a new created entity instance.

// no id provided
const newUserResult = User.create({ name, age });

cons newUser = newUserResult.value();

console.log(newUser.isNew());

> true

// id provided
const userResult = User.create({ id, name, age });

cons user = userResult.value();

console.log(user.isNew());

> false

isValidProps

Validating props before create an instance.
Here you can apply your business validation.

public static isValidProps({ name, age }: UserProps): boolean {
	
	// your business validation 
	const isValidName = doSomeBusinessValidation(name);
	const isValidAge = doSomeBusinessValidation(age);

	return isValidName && isValidAge;
}

Let's apply our props validation method to our entity class

interface UserProps { id?: UID, name: Name, age: Age };

export class User extends Entity<UserProps>{
	private constructor(props: UserProps){
		super(props)
	}

	public static isValidProps({ name, age }: UserProps): boolean {
		// your business validation 
		const isValidName = doSomeBusinessValidation(name);
		const isValidAge = doSomeBusinessValidation(age);

		return isValidName && isValidAge;
	}

	public static create(props: UserProps): IResult<User> {

		const isValidRules = this.isValidProps(props);
		if(!isValidRules) return Result.fail('invalid props');

		return Result.Ok(new User(props));
	}
}

export default User;

change

in entities you can easily change an attribute with change or set method

const result = Name.create('Larry');

const newName = result.value();

const changed = user.change("name", newName);

console.log(user.get("name").value());

> "Larry"

console.log(changed);

> true

Validation before change

The isValidProps Method validates properties when creating a new instance, but which method validates before modifying a value?
For this there is the method validation

The validation method takes two arguments, the first the key of props and the second the value. So when calling the set or change function, this method will be called automatically to validate the value, if it doesn't pass the validation, the value is not changed.

There must be a validation for each "props" key

validation<Key extends keyof Props>(value: Props[Key], key: Key): boolean {

	const options: IPropsValidation<Props> = {
		name: (value: Name) => doSomeBusinessValidation(value),
		age: (value: Age) => doSomeBusinessValidation(value)
	} 

	return options[key](value);
};

Let's apply our validation method to our entity.
Now if the validation does not pass the value will not be changed.

interface UserProps { id?: UID, name: Name, age: Age };

export class User extends Entity<UserProps>{
	private constructor(props: UserProps){
		super(props)
	}

	validation<Key extends keyof Props>(value: Props[Key], key: Key): boolean {
		const options: IPropsValidation<Props> = {
			name: (value: Name) => doSomeBusinessValidation(value),
			age: (value: Age) => doSomeBusinessValidation(value)
		} 
		return options[key](value);
	};

	public static isValidProps({ name, age }: UserProps): boolean {
		// your business validation 
		const isValidName = doSomeBusinessValidation(name);
		const isValidAge = doSomeBusinessValidation(age);
		return isValidName && isValidAge;
	}

	public static create(props: UserProps): Result<User> {

		const isValidRules = User.isValidProps(props);
		if(!isValidRules) return Result.fail('invalid props');

		return Result.Ok(new User(props));
	}
}

export default User;

disableSetters

To disable the setters of an entity use the parameters below in the super.
This property disables the set function of the entity.

constructor(props: NameProps){
	super(props, { disableSetters: true })
}

clone entity

you can clone an entity and get a new instance

const result = User.create({ id, age, name });

console.log(result.isOk());

> true 

const user = result.value();

 const clonedUser = user.clone();

 const newNameResult = Name.create('Luke');

 const newName = newNameResult.value();

 const changed = clonedUser.set('name').to(newName);

 console.log(user.get('name').value());

 > "James"

 console.log(changed);

 > true

 console.log(clonedUser.get('name').value());

 > "Luke"

compare entities

You can compare two entities.

isEqual just check props values and id value for both instances.

const isEqual = user1.isEqual(user2);

console.log(isEqual);

> false

history

Each operation to change any entity state property generates a history.
At any time you can return to a previous state

const result = User.create({ name, age });

const user = result.value();

console.log(user.toObject());

> Object
`{
	age: 21,
	name: "James",
	createdAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z",
	updatedAt: "2022-08-13T03:51:25.738Z",
	id: "0709220f-7c2f-41e2-b535-151926286893"
 }`

---

Aggregate

What is aggregate:

• Encapsulate and are composed of entity classes and value objects that change together in a business transaction
• Aggregates are a transactional graph of model objects
• Aggregate root should be an entity, an aggregate can even be a single entity
• Aggregate can keep a reference to other aggregate roots, but not to other entity classes which are not aggregate roots themselves
• Aggregate should not keep a reference to other aggregate root entity classes if those other entities do not change together with this aggregate root entity
• Aggregate can also keep the id of another entity, but keeping too many foreign key ids is a code smell (why?)
• If deleting an entity has a cascade effect on the other entities referenced by class in the object graph, these entities are part of the same aggregate, if not, they should not be inside this aggregate

The aggregate has the same methods already mentioned in the entity. And in addition to the entity methods, there is another one that is responsible for managing the domain's events.

Simple Aggregate

export interface ProductProps {
	id?: UID;
	name: ProductName;
	price: ProductPrice;
	createdAt?: Date;
	updatedAt?: Date;
}

// extends to Aggregate
export class Product extends Aggregate<ProductProps>{
	private constructor(props: ProductProps) {
		super(props);
	}

	public static create(props: ProductProps): Result<Product> {
		return Result.Ok(new Product(props));
	}
}

export default Product;

Domain Event

Let's create an aggregate instance and see how to add domain event to it. Events are stored in memory and are deleted after being triggered.

const result = Product.create({ name, price });

const product = result.value();

product.addEvent('eventName', (product) => {
	console.log(product.toObject())
});

// or alternatively you can create a event handler

class Handler extends EventHandler<Product> {
    constructor() { super({ eventName: 'eventName' }) };

    dispatch(product: Product): void {
        const model = product.toObject();
		console.log(model);
    }
}

// add instance to aggregate
product.addEvent(new Handler());

// dispatch from aggregate instance

product.dispatchEvent("eventName");

---

Adapter

How to adapt the data from persistence to domain or from domain to persistence.

// from domain to data layer
class MyAdapterToInfra implements IAdapter<DomainUser, DataUser>{
	build(target: DomainUser): Result<DataUser> {
		// ...
	}
}

// from data layer to domain
class MyAdapterToDomain implements IAdapter<DataUser, DomainUser>{
	build(target: DataUser): Result<DomainUser> {
		// ...
	}
}

// You can use adapter instance in toObject function
const myAdapter = new MyAdapterToInfra();

const dataUser = domainUser.toObject<DataUser>(myAdapter);