Globalize

A JavaScript library for internationalization and localization that leverage the official Unicode CLDR JSON data. The library works both for the browser and as a Node.js module.

• About Globalize
  • Why globalization?
  • Why Globalize?
  • Migrating from Globalize 0.x
  • Where to use it?
  • Where does the data come from?
  • Only load and use what you need
  • Browser support
• Getting started
  • Requirements
  • Installation
  • Usage
  • Performance
  • Compilation and the Runtime modules
  • Examples
  • Community
• API
  • Core
  • Date module
  • Message module
  • Number module
    • Currency module
  • Plural module
  • Relative time module
  • Unit module
  • more to come...
• Error reference
• Contributing
  • Roadmap
• Development
  • File structure
  • Source files
  • Tests
  • Build

About Globalize

Why globalization?

Each language, and the countries that speak that language, have different expectations when it comes to how numbers (including currency and percentages) and dates should appear. Obviously, each language has different names for the days of the week and the months of the year. But they also have different expectations for the structure of dates, such as what order the day, month and year are in. In number formatting, not only does the character used to delineate number groupings and the decimal portion differ, but the placement of those characters differ as well.

A user using an application should be able to read and write dates and numbers in the format they are accustomed to. This library makes this possible, providing an API to convert user-entered number and date strings - in their own format - into actual numbers and dates, and conversely, to format numbers and dates into that string format.

Even if the application deals only with the English locale, it may still need globalization to format programming language bytes into human-understandable language and vice-versa in an effective and reasonable way. For example, to display something better than "Edited 1 minutes ago".

Why Globalize?

Globalize provides number formatting and parsing, date and time formatting and parsing, currency formatting, message formatting (ICU message format pattern), and plural support.

Design Goals.

• Leverages the Unicode CLDR data and follows its UTS#35 specification.
• Keeps code separate from i18n content. Doesn't host or embed any locale data in the library. Empowers developers to control the loading mechanism of their choice.
• Allows developers to load as much or as little data as they need. Avoids duplicating data if using multiple i18n libraries that leverage CLDR.
• Keeps code modular. Allows developers to load the i18n functionalities they need.
• Runs in browsers and Node.js, consistently across all of them.
• Makes globalization as easy to use as jQuery.

Globalize is based on the Unicode Consortium's Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), the largest and most extensive standard repository of locale data available. CLDR is constantly updated and is used by many large applications and operating systems, so you'll always have access to the most accurate and up-to-date locale data.

Globalize needs CLDR content to function properly, although it doesn't embed, hard-code, or host such content. Instead, Globalize empowers developers to load CLDR data the way they want. Vanilla CLDR in its official JSON format (no pre-processing) is expected to be provided. As a consequence, (a) Globalize avoids bugs caused by outdated i18n content. Developers can use up-to-date CLDR data directly from Unicode as soon as it's released, without having to wait for any pipeline on our side. (b) Developers have full control over which locale coverage they want to provide on their applications. (c) Developers are able to share the same i18n dataset between Globalize and other libraries that leverage CLDR. There's no need for duplicating data.

Globalize is systematically tested against desktop and mobile browsers and Node.js. So, using it you'll get consistent results across different browsers and across browsers and the server.

Globalize doesn't use native Ecma-402 yet, which could potentially improve date and number formatting performance. Although Ecma-402 support is improving among modern browsers and even Node.js, the functionality and locale coverage level varies between different environments (see Comparing JavaScript Libraries slide 25). Globalize needs to do more research and testings to use it reliably.

For alternative libraries and more, check out this JavaScript globalization overview.

Migrating from Globalize 0.x

Are you coming from Globalize 0.x? Read our migration guide to learn what have changed and how to migrate older 0.x code to up-to-date 1.x.

Where to use it?

Globalize is designed to work both in the browser, or in Node.js. It supports both AMD and CommonJS.

Where does the data come from?

Globalize uses the Unicode CLDR, the largest and most extensive standard repository of locale data.

We do NOT embed any i18n data within our library. However, we make it really easy to use. Read How to get and load CLDR JSON data for more information on its usage.

Pick the modules you need

Browser Support

Globalize 1.x supports the following browsers:

• Chrome: (Current - 1) or Current
• Firefox: (Current - 1) or Current
• Safari: 5.1+
• Opera: 12.1x, (Current - 1) or Current
• IE9+

(Current - 1) or Current denotes that we support the current stable version of the browser and the version that preceded it. For example, if the current version of a browser is 24.x, we support the 24.x and 23.x versions.

Getting Started

npm install globalize cldr-data iana-tz-data

var Globalize = require( "globalize" );
Globalize.load( require( "cldr-data" ).entireSupplemental() );
Globalize.load( require( "cldr-data" ).entireMainFor( "en", "es" ) );
Globalize.loadTimeZone( require( "iana-tz-data" ) );
 
Globalize("en").formatDate(new Date());
// > "11/27/2015"
 
Globalize("es").formatDate(new Date());
// > "27/11/2015"

Note cldr-data is an optional module, read CLDR content section below for more information on how to get CLDR from different sources.

The iana-tz-data module is only needed when IANA time zones (via options.timeZone) are used with date functions. Read IANA time zone data below for more information.

Read the Locales section for more information about supported locales. For AMD, bower and other usage examples, see Examples section.

Installation

Downloading a ZIP or tarball archive

Click the GitHub releases tab and download the latest available Globalize package.

Using a package manager

You can use either npm or bower:

• npm install globalize
• bower install globalize

Building from source

1. git clone https://github.com/globalizejs/globalize.git
2. Build the distribution files

Requirements

1. Dependencies

If you use module loading like ES6 import, CommonJS, or AMD and fetch your code using package managers like npm or bower, you don't need to worry about this and can skip reading this section. Otherwise, you need to satisfy Globalize dependencies prior to using it. There is only one external dependency: cldr.js, which is a CLDR low level manipulation tool. Additionally, you need to satisfy the cross-dependencies between modules.

As an alternative to deducing this yourself, use this online tool. The tool allows you to select the modules you're interested in using and tells you the Globalize files and CLDR JSON that you need.

2. CLDR content

Globalize is the i18n software (the engine). Unicode CLDR is the i18n content (the fuel). You need to feed Globalize on the appropriate portions of CLDR prior to using it.

(a) How do I figure out which CLDR portions are appropriate for my needs?

Each Globalize function requires a special set of CLDR portions. Once you know which Globalize functionalities you need, you can deduce its respective CLDR requirements. See table below.

As an alternative to deducing this yourself, use this online tool. The tool allows you to select the modules you're interested in using and tells you the Globalize files and CLDR JSON that you need.

(b) How am I supposed to get and load CLDR content?

Learn how to get and load CLDR content... and use Globalize.load() to load it.

3. IANA time zone data

The IANA time zone (tz) database, sometimes called the Olson database, is the standard data used by Unicode CLDR, ECMA-402, Linux, UNIX, Java, ICU, and others. It's used by Globalize to circumvent the JavaScript limitations with respect to manipulating date in time zones other than the user's environment.

In short, feed Globalize on IANA time zone data if you need to format or parse dates in a specific time zone, independently of the user's environment, e.g., America/Los_Angeles.

It's important to note there's no official IANA time zone data in the JSON format. Therefore, iana-tz-data has been adopted for convenience.

Learn more on Globalize.loadTimeZone().

Usage

Globalize's consumable-files are located in the ./dist directory. If you don't find it, it's because you are using a development branch. You should either use a tagged version or build the distribution files yourself. Read installation above if you need more information on how to download.

Globalize can be used for a variety of different i18n tasks, eg. formatting or parsing dates, formatting or parsing numbers, formatting messages, etc. You may NOT need Globalize in its entirety. For that reason, we made it modular. So, you can cherry-pick the pieces you need, eg. load dist/globalize.js to get Globalize core, load dist/globalize/date.js to extend Globalize with Date functionalities, etc.

An example is worth a thousand words. Check out our Examples section below.

Performance

When formatting or parsing, there's actually a two-step process: (a) the formatter (or parser) creation and (b) its execution, where creation takes an order of magnitude more time (more expensive) than execution. In the creation phase, Globalize traverses the CLDR tree, processes data (e.g., expands date patterns, parses plural rules, etc), and returns a function that actually executes the formatting or parsing.

// Formatter creation.
var formatter = Globalize.numberFormatter();
 
// Formatter execution (roughly 10x faster than above).
formatter( Math.PI );
// > 3.141

As a rule of thumb for optimal performance, cache your formatters and parsers. For example: (a) on iterations, generate them outside the loop and reuse while looping; (b) on server applications, generate them in advance and execute when requests arrive.

Compilation and the Runtime modules

Take advantage of compiling your formatters and/or parsers during build time when deploying to production. It's much faster than generating them in real-time and it's also much smaller (i.e., better loading performance).

Your compiled formatters and parsers allow you to skip a big part of the library and also allow you to skip loading CLDR data, because they have already been created (see Performance above for more information).

To illustrate, see our Basic Globalize Compiler example.

Globalize Compiler

For information about the Globalize Compiler CLI or its JavaScript API, see the Globalize Compiler documentation.

Examples

The fastest and easiest way to use Globalize is by integrating it into your existing tools.

• Application example using webpack and npm: easy to get started, automated CLDR loading and precompilation for production, but requires npm and webpack knowledge.
• Application example using globalize-express middleware with any express web app: easy to incorporate globalize as a middleware within your Express web app. (also checkout globalize-express)

If you're using a different tool than the one above, but you're comfortable using JavaScript modules (such as ES6 modules, CommonJS, or AMD) and package managers like npm or bower, you may want to check out the following examples. Note you'll need to compile your code for production yourself.

• Basic example using AMD and bower: feeding Globalize on CLDR is not completely transparent.
• Basic example using Node.js and npm: feeding Globalize on CLDR is not completely transparent.
• Basic Globalize Compiler example: shows how to use Globalize Compiler CLI.

If you're using none of the tools above, but instead you're using the plain and old script tags only, the following example may interest you. Note Globalize allows you to go low level like this. But, acknowledge that you'll need to handle dependencies and CLDR loading manually yourself.

• Basic example using plain JavaScript: requires loading CLDR and handling dependencies manually.

Community

You can find us on Slack. If you're new, join here.

API

Core module

Globalize.load( cldrJSONData, ... )

This method allows you to load CLDR JSON locale data. Globalize.load() is a proxy to Cldr.load(). Read more...

Globalize.locale( [locale|cldr] )

Set default locale, or get it if locale argument is omitted. Read more...

[new] Globalize( locale|cldr )

Create a Globalize instance. Read more...

Locales

A locale is an identifier (id) that refers to a set of user preferences that tend to be shared across significant swaths of the world. In technical terms, it's a String composed of three parts: language, script, and region. For example:

The likely deductibility is computed by using CLDR data, which is based on the population and the suppress-script data in BCP47 (among others). The data is heuristically derived, and may change over time.

Figure out the deduced information by looking at the cldr.attributes.maxLanguageId property of a Globalize instance:

var Globalize = require( "globalize" );
Globalize.load( require( "cldr-data" ).entireSupplemental() );
Globalize( "en" ).cldr.attributes.maxLanguageId;
// > "en-Latn-US"

Globalize supports all the locales available in CLDR, which are around 740. For more information, search for coverage charts at the downloads section of http://cldr.unicode.org/.

Read more details about locale at UTS#35 locale.

Date module

Globalize.loadTimeZone( ianaTzData )

This method allows you to load IANA time zone data to enable options.timeZone feature on date formatters and parsers.

Read more...

.dateFormatter( [options] )

Return a function that formats a date according to the given options. The default formatting is numeric year, month, and day (i.e., { skeleton: "yMd" }.

.dateFormatter()( new Date() )
// > "11/30/2010"
 
.dateFormatter({ skeleton: "GyMMMd" })( new Date() )
// > "Nov 30, 2010 AD"
 
.dateFormatter({ date: "medium" })( new Date() )
// > "Nov 1, 2010"
 
.dateFormatter({ time: "medium" })( new Date() )
// > "5:55:00 PM"
 
.dateFormatter({ datetime: "medium" })( new Date() )
// > "Nov 1, 2010, 5:55:00 PM"
 
.dateFormatter({ datetime: "full", timeZone: "America/New_York" })( new Date() );
// > "Monday, November 1, 2010 at 3:55:00 AM Eastern Daylight Time"
 
.dateFormatter({ datetime: "full", timeZone: "America/Los_Angeles" })( new Date() );
// > "Monday, November 1, 2010 at 12:55:00 AM Pacific Daylight Time"

Read more...

.dateToPartsFormatter( [options] )

Return a function that formats a date into parts tokens according to the given options. The default formatting is numeric year, month, and day (i.e., { skeleton: "yMd" }.

.dateToPartsFormatter()( new Date() )
// > [
//   { "type": "month", "value": "3" },
//   { "type": "literal", "value": "/" },
//   { "type": "day", "value": "17" },
//   { "type": "literal", "value": "/" },
//   { "type": "year", "value": "2017" }
// ]

Read more...

.dateParser( [options] )

Return a function that parses a string representing a date into a JavaScript Date object according to the given options. The default parsing assumes numeric year, month, and day (i.e., { skeleton: "yMd" }).

.dateParser()( "11/30/2010" )
// > new Date( 2010, 10, 30, 0, 0, 0 )
 
.dateParser({ skeleton: "GyMMMd" })( "Nov 30, 2010 AD" )
// > new Date( 2010, 10, 30, 0, 0, 0 )
 
.dateParser({ date: "medium" })( "Nov 1, 2010" )
// > new Date( 2010, 10, 30, 0, 0, 0 )
 
.dateParser({ time: "medium" })( "5:55:00 PM" )
// > new Date( 2015, 3, 22, 17, 55, 0 ) // i.e., today @ 5:55PM
 
.dateParser({ datetime: "medium" })( "Nov 1, 2010, 5:55:00 PM" )
// > new Date( 2010, 10, 30, 17, 55, 0 )

Read more...

.formatDate( value [, options] )

Alias for .dateFormatter( [options] )( value ).

.formatDateToParts( value [, options] )

Alias for .dateToPartsFormatter( [options] )( value ).

.parseDate( value [, options] )

Alias for .dateParser( [options] )( value ).

Message module

Globalize.loadMessages( json )

Load messages data. Read more...

.messageFormatter( path ) ➡ function( [variables] )

Return a function that formats a message (using ICU message format pattern) given its path and a set of variables into a user-readable string. It supports pluralization and gender inflections.

.messageFormatter( "task" )( 1000 )
// > "You have 1,000 tasks remaining"
 
.messageFormatter( "like" )( 3 )
// > "You and 2 others liked this"

Read more...

.formatMessage( path [, variables ] )

Alias for .messageFormatter( path )([ variables ]).

Number module

.numberFormatter( [options] )

Return a function that formats a number according to the given options or locale's defaults.

.numberFormatter()( pi )
// > "3.142"
 
.numberFormatter({ maximumFractionDigits: 5 })( pi )
// > "3.14159"
 
.numberFormatter({ round: "floor" })( pi )
// > "3.141"
 
.numberFormatter({ minimumFractionDigits: 2 })( 10000 )
// > "10,000.00"
 
.numberFormatter({ style: "percent" })( 0.5 )
// > "50%"
 
.numberFormatter({ compact: "short", maximumFractionDigits: 0 })( 14305 )
// > "14K"

Read more...

.numberToPartsFormatter( [options] )

Return a function that formats a number into parts tokens according to the given options or locale's defaults.

.numberToPartsFormatter()( new Date() )
// > [
//   { "type": "integer", "value": "3" },
//   { "type": "decimal", "value": "." },
//   { "type": "fraction", "value": "142" }
// ]

Read more...

.numberParser( [options] )

Return a function that parses a string representing a number according to the given options or locale's defaults.

.numberParser()( "3.14159" )
// > 3.14159
 
.numberParser()( "10,000.00" )
// > 10000
 
.numberParser({ style: "percent" })( "50%" )
// > 0.5

Read more...

.formatNumber( value [, options] )

Alias for .numberFormatter( [options] )( value ).

.formatNumberToParts( value [, options] )

Alias for .numberToPartsFormatter( [options] )( value ).

.parseNumber( value [, options] )

Alias for .numberParser( [options] )( value ).

Currency module

.currencyFormatter( currency [, options] )

Return a function that formats a currency according to the given options or locale's defaults.

.currencyFormatter( "USD" )( 1 )
// > "$1.00"
 
.currencyFormatter( "USD", { style: "accounting" })( -1 )
// > "($1.00)"
 
.currencyFormatter( "USD", { style: "name" })( 69900 )
// > "69,900.00 US dollars"
 
.currencyFormatter( "USD", { style: "code" })( 69900 )
// > "69,900.00 USD"
 
.currencyFormatter( "USD", { round: "ceil" })( 1.491 )
// > "$1.50"

Read more...

.currencyToPartsFormatter( currency [, options] )

Return a function that formats a currency into parts tokens according to the given options or locale's defaults.

.currencyToPartsFormatter()( new Date() )
// > [
//   { "type": "currency", "value": "USD" },
//   { "type": "literal", "value": " " },
//   { "type": "integer", "value": "69" },
//   { "type": "group", "value": "," },
//   { "type": "integer", "value": "900" },
//   { "type": "decimal", "value": "." },
//   { "type": "fraction", "value": "00" }
// ]

Read more...

.formatCurrency( value, currency [, options] )

Alias for .currencyFormatter( currency [, options] )( value ).

.formatCurrencyToParts( value, currency [, options] )

Alias for .currencyToPartsFormatter( currency [, options] )( value ).

Plural module

.pluralGenerator( [options] )

Return a function that returns the value's corresponding plural group: zero, one, two, few, many, or other.

The function may be used for cardinals or ordinals.

.pluralGenerator()( 0 )
// > "other"
 
.pluralGenerator()( 1 )
// > "one"
 
.pluralGenerator({ type: "ordinal" })( 1 )
// > "one"
 
.pluralGenerator({ type: "ordinal" })( 2 )
// > "two"

Read more...

.plural( value[, options ] )

Alias for .pluralGenerator( [options] )( value ).

Relative time module

.relativeTimeFormatter( unit [, options] )

Returns a function that formats a relative time according to the given unit, options, and the default/instance locale.

.relativeTimeFormatter( "day" )( 1 )
// > "tomorrow"
 
.relativeTimeFormatter( "month" )( -1 )
// > "last month"
 
.relativeTimeFormatter( "month" )( 3 )
// > "in 3 months"

Read more...

.formatRelativeTime( value, unit [, options] )

Alias for .relativeTimeFormatter( unit, options )( value ).

Unit module

.unitFormatter( unit [, options] )

Returns a function that formats a unit according to the given unit, options, and the default/instance locale.

.unitFormatter( "second" )( 10 )
// > "10 seconds"
 
.unitFormatter( "second", { form: "short" } )( 10 )
// > "10 secs"
 
.unitFormatter( "second", { form: "narrow" } )( 10 )
// > "10s"

Read more...

.formatUnit( value, unit [, options] )

Alias for .unitFormatter( unit, options )( value ).

Error reference

CLDR Errors

• E_INVALID_CLDR

  Thrown when a CLDR item has an invalid or unexpected value.

Read more...

• E_MISSING_CLDR

  Thrown when any required CLDR item is NOT found.

  Read more...

Parameter Errors

• E_INVALID_PAR_TYPE

  Thrown when a parameter has an invalid type on any static or instance methods.

  Read more...

• E_INVALID_PAR_VALUE

  Thrown for certain parameters when the type is correct, but the value is invalid.

  Read more...

• E_MISSING_PARAMETER

  Thrown when a required parameter is missing on any static or instance methods.

  Read more...

• E_PAR_OUT_OF_RANGE

  Thrown when a parameter is not within a valid range of values.

  Read more...

Other Errors

• E_DEFAULT_LOCALE_NOT_DEFINED

  Thrown when any static method, eg. Globalize.formatNumber() is used prior to setting the Global locale with Globalize.locale( <locale> ).

  Read more...

• E_MISSING_PLURAL_MODULE

  Thrown when plural module is needed, but not loaded, eg. to format currencies using the named form.

  Read more...

• E_UNSUPPORTED

  Thrown for unsupported features, eg. to format unsupported date patterns.

  Read more...

Contributing

If you are having trouble using Globalize after reading the documentation carefully, please post a question to StackOverflow with the "javascript-globalize" tag. Questions that include a minimal demo are more likely to receive responses.

In the spirit of open source software development, we always encourage community code contribution. To help you get started and before you jump into writing code, be sure to read CONTRIBUTING.md.

For ideas where to start contributing, see the following queries to find what best suites your interest: quick change, new features, bug fixes, documentation improvements, date module, currency module, message module, number module, plural module, relative time module. Last but not least, feel free to get in touch.

Roadmap

Our roadmap is the collection of all open issues and pull requests where you can find:

• Ongoing work lists our current sprint. Here you find where we're actively working on at this very moment. Priority is determined by the community needs and volunteering. If there is anything you want to be done, share your thoughts with us on any existing or new issue and especially volunteer to do it.
• Everything else is potential next work that you could help us to accomplish now. Releases are published following semver rules as often as possible.

Development

File structure

├── bower.json (metadata file)
├── CONTRIBUTING.md (doc file)
├── dist/ (consumable files, the built files)
├── external/ (external dependencies, eg. cldr.js, QUnit, RequireJS)
├── Gruntfile.js (Grunt tasks)
├── LICENSE (license file)
├── package.json (metadata file)
├── README.md (doc file)
├── src/ (source code)
│   ├── build/ (build helpers, eg. intro, and outro)
│   ├── common/ (common function helpers across modules)
│   ├── core.js (core module)
│   ├── date/ (date source code)
│   ├── date.js (date module)
│   ├── message.js (message module)
│   ├── number.js (number module)
│   ├── number/ (number source code)
│   ├── plural.js (plural module)
│   ├── plural/ (plural source code)
│   ├── relative-time.js (relative time module)
│   ├── relative-time/ (relative time source code)
│   ├── unit.js (unit module)
│   ├── unit/ (unit source code)
│   └── util/ (basic JavaScript helpers polyfills, eg array.map)
└── test/ (unit and functional test files)
    ├── fixtures/ (CLDR fixture data)
    ├── functional/ (functional tests)
    ├── functional.html
    ├── functional.js
    ├── unit/ (unit tests)
    ├── unit.html
    └── unit.js

Source files

The source files are as granular as possible. When combined to generate the build file, all the excessive/overhead wrappers are cut off. It's following the same build model of jQuery and Modernizr.

Core, and all modules' public APIs are located in the src/ directory, ie. core.js, date.js, message.js, number.js, and plural.js.

Install development external dependencies

Install Grunt and external dependencies. First, install the grunt-cli and bower packages if you haven't before. These should be installed globally (like this: npm install -g grunt-cli bower). Then:

npm install && bower install

Tests

Tests can be run either in the browser or using Node.js (via Grunt) after having installed the external development dependencies (for more details, see above).

Unit tests

To run the unit tests, run grunt test:unit, or run grunt connect:keepalive and open http://localhost:9001/test/unit.html in a browser. It tests the very specific functionality of each function (sometimes internal/private).

The goal of the unit tests is to make it easy to spot bugs, easy to debug.

Functional tests

To run the functional tests, create the dist files by running grunt. Then, run grunt test:functional, or open http://localhost:9001/test/functional.html in a browser. Note that grunt will automatically run unit and functional tests for you to ensure the built files are safe.

The goal of the functional tests is to ensure that everything works as expected when it is combined.

Build

Build the distribution files after having installed the external development dependencies (for more details, see above).

grunt