idna-uts46

IDNA-UTS #46 in JavaScript

The JS Punycode converter library is a great tool for handling Unicode domain names, but it only implements the Punycode encoding of domain labels, not the full IDNA algorithm. In simple cases, a mere conversion to lowercase text before input would seem sufficient, but the real mapping for strings is far more complex. This library implements the full mapping for these strings, as defined by UTS #46.

IDNA mess for dummies

Unfortunately, the situation of internationalized domain names is rather complicated by the existence of multiple incompatible standards (IDNA2003 and IDNA2008, predominantly). While UTS #46 tries to bridge the incompatibility, there are four characters which cannot be so bridged: ß (the German sharp s), ς (Greek final sigma), and the ZWJ and ZWNJ characters. These are handled differently depending on the mode; in transitional mode, these strings are mapped to different ones, preserving capability with IDNA2003; in nontransitional mode, these strings are mapped to themselves, in accordance with IDNA2008.

Presently, this library uses transitional mode, compatible with all known browser implementations at this point. It is expected that, in the future, this will be changed to nontransitional mode.

It is highly recommended that you use the ASCII form of the label for storing or comparing strings.

API

uts46.toAscii(domain, options={transitional: false, useStd3ASCII: false, verifyDnsLength: false })

Converts a domain name to the correct ASCII label. The second parameter is an optional options parameter, which has two configurable options. The transitional option controls whether or not transitional processing (see the IDNA mess for dummies section for more details) is requested, defaulting to false. The useStd3ASCII option controls whether or not characters that are illegal in domain names per the DNS specification should be omitted. The verifyDnsLength option controls whether or not the resulting DNS label should be checked for length validity (i.e., no empty components and not too long). The options parameter and its associated fields are all optional and should be omitted for most users.

uts46.toAscii('öbb.at'); // 'xn-bb-eka.at'
uts46.toAscii('ÖBB.AT'); // 'xn-bb-eka.at'
uts46.toAscii('XN-BB-EKA.AT'); // 'xn-bb-eka.at'
uts46.toAscii('faß.de'); // 'fass.de'
uts46.toAscii('faß.de', {transitional: true}); // 'fass.de'
uts46.toAscii('faß.de', {transitional: false}); // 'xn--fa-hia.de'
uts46.toAscii('xn--fa-hia.de', {transitional: false}); // 'xn--fa-hia.de'
uts46.toAscii(String.fromCodePoint(0xd0000)); // Error (as it is unassigned)

uts46.toUnicode(domain, options={useStd3ASCII: false})

Converts a domain name to a normalized Unicode label. The second parameter is an optional options parameter. The useStd3ASCII option controls whether or not characters that are illegal in domain names per the DNS specification should be omitted. The latter parameter is optional and should be omitted for most users.

uts46.toUnicode('xn-bb-eka.at'); // 'öbb.at'
uts46.toUnicode('ÖBB.AT'); // 'öbb.at'
uts46.toUnicode('O\u0308BB.AT'); // 'öbb.at'
uts46.toUnicode('faß.de'); // 'faß.de'
uts46.toUnicode('xn--fa-hia.de'); // 'faß.de'
uts46.toUnicode('﷼'); // "ریال"
uts46.toUnicode(String.fromCodePoint(0xd0000)); // Error (as it is unassigned)

Known issues

It also does not try to implement the Bidi and contextual rules for validation: these do not affect any mapping of the domain names; instead, they restrict the set of valid domain names. Since registrars shouldn't be accepting these names in the first place, a domain that violates these rules will simply fail to resolve.