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Author message:

Use es6 classes instead

extendclass

A simple prototype-based subclassing function.

Installation

$ npm install extendclass

Usage

extend(Dog, Animal)

This function extends a class using the prototype inheritance chain, under the paradigm of single inheritance. It does not allow more than one subclassing to take place at the same time. If you want multiple chains, you must make multiple calls. Call this function immediately after the child class's constructor.

Short Example

var extend = require('extendclass')
 
function Animal(n) {
  this.legs = n
}
 
Animal.prototype.eat = function () {
  console.log('nom nom nom')
}
 
function Dog() {
  Animal.call(this, 4)
}
 
// THIS IS IMPORTANT. DO THIS.
extend(Dog, Animal)
 
Dog.prototype.bark = function () {
  console.log('woof woof')
}

Long Example with Comments

var extend = require('extendclass')
 
function Animal(n) {
  this.legs = n
}
Animal.prototype.eat = function () {
  console.log('nom nom nom')
}
 
var buzz = new Animal(6)
console.log(buzz.legs)   // 6
buzz.eat()               // 'nom nom nom'

buzz.legs logs 6 because that's specified by the constructor. buzz.eat() logs 'nom nom nom' because that function is defined on Animal.prototype, and buzz.__proto__ === Animal.prototype.

function Dog() {
  Animal.call(this, 4) // calls the super constructor specifying 4 legs
}
Dog.prototype.bark = function () {
  console.log('woof woof')
}
 
var rex = new Dog()
console.log(rex.legs) // 4,
rex.bark()            // 'woof woof'
rex.eat()             // undefined!!!

rex.legs logs 4 because that's given by Dog constructor calling the Animal constructor. rex.bark() logs 'woof woof' because that's inherited from rex.__proto__. But rex.eat() is undefined.

Why? Because rex.__proto__ === Dog.prototype, which does not have or inherit an eat function.

We need to insert the following line after the Dog constructor, but before any modifications to Dog.prototype (such as adding a bark function).

extend(Dog, Animal)

This does two (2) things:

1. Dog.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype)

   We need to let Dog.prototype have an eat function, and all other functions on Animal.prototype. But we cannot set Dog.prototype = Animal.prototype because this is only a pointer. If we modify Dog.prototype we risk modifying Animal.prototype as well. Thus we need Dog.prototype to inherit from Animal.prototype. One way to do this would be

   Dog.prototype.__proto__ = Animal.prototype

   This would be all fine and good, but setting the .__proto__ for an object is generally a bad idea, so we use Object.create() as a safe shortcut instead. This creates a new object whose .__proto__ is Animal.prototype and assigns that object to Dog.prototype.

2. Dog.prototype.constructor = Dog

   Since Dog.prototype inherits from Animal.prototype, its constructor will be that of Animal. That is, when you invoke new Dog(), it will use the Animal function. Thus we "reset" the Dog constructor back to the Dog function.

Now the right way:

var axel = new Dog()
console.log(axel.legs) // 4
axel.bark()            // 'woof woof'
axel.eat()             // 'nom nom nom'

Now axel.eat() logs 'nom nom nom' because that function is inherited from axel.__proto__.__proto__, which === Animal.prototype.

See the MDN tutorial for more info. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Inheritance_and_the_prototype_chain